- bac
- alphabet -- a system of writing tending to represent individual sounds
rather than representing individual syllables or individual meanings
(e.g., hieroglyhs, Chinese characters)
[< a, b, c fit into phonotactics]
- bacar
- bovine, cow, bull -- any of various members of the genus Bos of either
sex
[From Arabic /bakar/, with initial /bak-/ in Spanish /baca/ 'vaca',
with intial /b-/ in Russian /bik/, Hindi /bail/, English 'bovine', Italian
'bovino' and Esperanto & Novial 'bovo'.]
- bad
- body part -- any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity
[From Arabic & Hindi /badan/ and English /badi/, all meaning "body".]
- bah
- outside -- the space beyond the outer surface
[From Hindi /bahar/.]
- bamub
- bamboo -- the hardy wooden stems of bamboo plants; used in construction,
crafts and fishing poles
[From Malay 'bambu', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic
(English, German, Dutch) and auxilaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- banc
- reserve - supply kept back and saved for future use
[A shift in meaning from the international form /bank/, "an institution
hold money in reserve for you", ultimately from Old High German 'banc',
"moneychanger's table", and extant in Arabic, Russian, Hindi, English,
Spanish, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto and Novial. Adopted in favor
of 'reserv' (from Latin), as /bank/ is much more widely used internationally.]
- baner
- flag, banner -- usu. rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design
used to convey a message or part of a message or to signify a group
of people
[From English 'banner', from Vulgar Latin 'bandaria', extant in Romance
(Spanish, Italian), Indonesian, et al.]
- bar
- bar, rod, rail -- any long, thin implement made of metal or wood
[From English and Spanish /bar/, meaning "railing, bar".]
- barc
- lightning -- the flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge
in the atmosphere
[From Arabic /bark/, with initial /b-/ in Hindi /bijli/, German 'Blitz'
and Dutch 'bliksem' (c.v. English borrowing 'blitzkrieg').]
- bazar
- market -- place where goods are bought/sold/traded
[From Persian /bazar/, extant in Russian, Hindi, Arabic, Spanish,
English, Italian, Esperanto, et al.]
- bez
- absence -- a deficiency or lack of something
[From Russian /bez/, with initial /b-/ in Hindi /bahr/ and Arabic
/bila/.]
- bin
- building, edifice -- structure with walls and a roof and stands more
or less permanently in one place
[From Arabic /bin/, with initial /b-/ in English 'building'.]
- bir
- barley -- the grain of Hordeum vulgare or its varieties, used since
prehistoric times for livestock feed, malt production and cereal
[Since there are no international roots for "barley", the word was
adapted from its most popular biproduct, from English 'beer', extant
in Arabic, Hindi, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto and Novial.]
- bomb
- bomb -- an explosive device fused to ignite under specific conditions
[From Italian 'bomba', extant in Russian, Hindi, Spanish, French,
Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- bud
- future -- the time yet to come
[From Russian /budush/, with initial /b-/ in Hindi /bavish/.]
- bur
- brown -- an orange color of low brightness and saturation
[From Russian & Hindi /bur/, with initial /b-/ in English, German,
Dutch, Esperanto and Novial forms.]
- cact
- action -- the act or process of doing something
[From Latin 'actum', extant in Spanish, English, French, et al, with
initial /k-/ from Hindi /karni/.]
- caf
- coffee -- the beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee
seeds
[From Italian 'caffe' (itself from Arabic /kahwa/), which has been
borrowed into most languages, including AfghanDari'kaafi', Afrikaans'koffie',
Albanian'kafe', Amoy'gkou-bpih', Arabic (Egyptian) 'qahwa', Arabic (Gulf)
'gahwa', Arabic (Iraqi) 'gahwa', Arabic (Libyan) 'gahwa', Arabic (Morroco)
'qehwa', Arabic (Syria) 'qahwi', Asturian 'café', Aymara 'kap"iya',
Azerbaijani 'qehve', Bambara 'kafe', Bashkir 'kofe', Basque 'kafe',
Belarus 'kava', Bengali 'kophi', Bosnian 'kahva', Breton 'kafe', Bulgarian
'kafe', Burmese 'kahpi', Cambodian 'gaafay/kaafii', Cantonese 'gaafè',
Catalan 'cafè', Cebuano 'kape', Chechen 'kofi', Chinese(Standard) 'ka-fei-',
Chinook Jargon 'kaupy', Comanche 'tuhpaé', Corsican 'caffè', Croatian
'kava', Czech 'ka'va/kafe', Danish 'kaffe', Dholuo 'kahawa', Dutch 'koffie',
Egyptian Arabic 'qahwa', English 'coffee', Estonian 'kohvi', Farsi 'ghah'veh',
Fiji-Hindi 'kaafii', Fijian 'kove', Finnish 'kahvi', French 'caf,',
Frisian 'kofje', Ga(Ghana) 'kafe', Galician 'caf,', Georgian 'qava',
German 'Kaffee', Greek 'kafe', Greek (Modern) 'kafes', Gujarati 'kOffee',
Haitian 'kafe', Hakka 'kafui', Hausa 'kofi', Hawaiian 'kope', Hebrew
'kafe', Hindi 'kofii/kaapii', Hopi 'kaphe', Hungarian 'ka've'', Icelandic
'kaffi', Igbo 'ko.fi.', Ilocano 'kape/cafe', Ilocano 'kape', Indonesian
'kopi', Iñupiat(Eskimo) 'kuukpiat', Irish 'caife', Italian 'caffè',
Japanese 'koohii', Javanese 'kopi', Kazakh 'kofe', KiKongo 'kafi', Kikuyu
'kahu~a', Kongo 'kafi', Konkani(Goa) 'cafi', Korean 'k'op'i', Kurdish
'qehwe', Kyrgyz 'kofe', Lao 'kaaféh', Latin(Modern) 'coffea', Latvian
'kafija', Lingala 'kafe/kawa', Lithuanian 'kava', Luganda 'kaawa', Macedonian
'kafe', Malagasy 'kafe', Malay 'kopi', Malayalam 'kaapi', Maldivian
'kofi', Maltese 'kafè', Mandarin 'ka-fei-,', Mandinka 'kafee', Marshallese
'kuobe', Maya 'kaape', Mohawk 'kahwe', Mokilese 'koahpi', Mongolian
'kofi', Moroccan Arabic 'qehwa', Navajo 'gohwééh', Nepali 'kafi', Norwegian
'kaffe', Occitan 'cafè', Pangasinan 'kapi', Papago 'ka-whih', Papiamentu
'kòfi', Persian 'ghahve', Pima 'ko-whih', Polish 'kawa', Portuguese
'cafe'', Punjabi 'kaafii', Pushtu 'qawae', Quechua 'kafiy', Raratongan
'kaope', Rhaeto-Romance (Ladin) 'cafè', Rhaeto-Romance (Sursilvan) 'caffè',
Romanian'cafea', Russian 'kofe', Samoan 'kofe', Sepedi 'kofi', Serbian
'kafa', Sesotho 'kofi', Shona 'kofi', Sicilian 'caffè', Sindhi 'kafi',
Sinhalese 'koopi', Slovak 'ka'va', Slovenian 'kava', Somali 'qahwe',
Sotho 'kofi', Spanish 'café', Sranan 'kofi', Sundanese 'koppi', Swahili
'kahawa', Swazi 'khofi', Swedish 'kaffe', Tagalog 'kape', Tahitian 'taofe',
Taiwanese 'ka-pi', Tamil 'kaapi', Tatar 'kofe', Telegu 'kaafii', Thai
'gafae', Tibetan 'kafi', Tongan 'kofi', Trukese 'kofi', Tswana 'kofi',
Turkish 'kahve', Twi 'kafe', Uighur 'qa"hva" ', Ukrainian 'kava', Urdu
'kofii', Uzbek 'kofe/qahva', Vietnamese 'kafe', Welsh 'coffi', Wolof
'kafe', Xhosa 'ikofu', Yiddish 'kave', Yoruba 'kofi'', Yucatec(Mayan)
'kaape' and Zulu 'ikhofi'. Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- cafaz
- jump -- the act of leaping
[From Arabic /kafaz/ with initial /k-/ in Hindi /kud/.]
- cah
- abstraction -- concept without any specific instance; quality or property
exhibited by something
[From Russian /kashestv/. Initial /k-/ reinforced by Spanish /kalidad/.]
- cal
- feces, excrement -- solid excretory product
[From Russian /kal/.]
- calc
- peripheral -- an auxiliary device that works with a computer, such
as a printer or scanner, or a subcomponent of a computer, such as a
hard drive
[Late Latin 'calculare', "to calculate", extant in English 'calculator',
Spanish 'calculador', et al.]
- calot
- dog, canine -- a domesticated carnivorous mammal (Canis familiaris)
related to the foxes and wolves and raised in a wide variety of breeds
[Blend of Arabic /kalb/ and Hindi /kuta/, with initial /k-/ in English
'canine' and Italian 'cane'.]
- cals
- class, kind, type -- any number of objects or events with a common
attribute
[Latin 'classis', "class of citizens", extant in Russian, Spanish,
English, et al.]
- cam
- garment -- an article of clothing
[Shortened form of Dublex 'camis', "shirt".]
- camel
- camel -- cud-chewing mammal of the genus Camelus used as a draft or
saddle animal in desert regions
[From Greek 'kamelos', of Semitic origin (extant in Latin, English
and Spanish) and still current in Arabic /jamal/ and /gamal/, forms
widely borrowed throughout Africa.]
- camer
- room, chamber -- an area within a building enclosed by walls, a floor
and a ceiling
[From Late Latin 'camera', extant in English 'chamber' and 'camera
(obscura)', and in Hindi /kamra/ and in Dutch, Esperanto and Novial.
Initial /k-/ in Russian /komnet/.]
- camis
- shirt -- a garment worn on the upper part of the body
[Late Latin 'camisa', extant in Albanian 'ke"mishe"', Amharic 'shemiz',
Arabic (Egyptian) 'qamees', Aymara 'kamisa', Balinese 'kemeja', Bulgarian
'dzheb', Catalan 'camisa', Cebuano 'kamisa', English 'camise', Esperanto
'c^emizo', French 'chemise', Greek (Modern) 'poukamiso', Guarani' 'kamisa',
Gujarati 'shemiz', Haitian 'chemiz', Hindi 'kamiiz', Ilonggo 'kamisa',
Indonesian 'kemeja', Italian 'camicia', Javanese 'kamejo', Kharia 'kamij',
Lingala 'semisi', Malay 'kemeja', Maldivian 'gamis', Maltese 'qmis',
Modern Greek 'kamiso', Nepali 'kamij', Novial 'kamise', Papiamentu 'kamisa',
Pima 'kamish', Portuguese 'camisa', Punjabi 'kamiiz', Pushtu 'kaemi's',
Rhaeto-Romance (Sursilvan) 'camischa', Rhaeto-Romance (Ladin) 'chamischa',
Romanian 'ca^masa', Sinhalese 'ka'misay', Somali 'qamiis', Sundanese
'kamedja', Spanish 'camisa', Tupuri 'si"mi'si"', Tagalog 'kamisa', Urdu
'kamiiz' and Wolof 'ceemis/simis'. Typically meaning is "shirt", but
in some cases may mean "blouse", "chemise" or "undershirt". Source:
Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- camp
- field -- a piece of land cleared of trees
[Latin 'campus', "field", extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, et
al) and English 'campus', 'camp' (mnemonic: 'campsite').]
- canc
- shell -- the material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals
[From Latin 'cancer', "crab, constellation Cancer", (extant in English,
et al), with initial /k-/ in Hindi /kand/ and Spanish 'casco'.]
- cand
- hole, orifice -- an opening into something but not through it [contrast
'hubac']
[From Hindi /kandra/ (meaning "cave"), with /k-/ strengthened by
words for "cave" in Arabic /kaxf/, Spanish /kov/, English /kaiv/ and
Mandarin Chinese /ken/.]
- canon
- cannon -- a large gun that is usually on wheels
[From Old Italian 'cannone', extant in Spanish, Germanic (English,
German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial), et al.]
- cant
- fastener -- attaching to something and holds something in place
[From Hindi /kant/, within initial /k-/ in Russian /kryuk/.]
- canun
- law -- the collection of rules imposed by an authority
[From Arabic & Hindi /kanun/, both from Latin 'canon', "rule", also
extant in English 'canon', et al.]
- cap
- head -- the upper or front part of the body in animals; contains the
face and brains
[From Indo-European *kaput-, "head", extant in Spanish 'cabeza',
English 'head', 'captain' ("head of a boat"), 'capital' ("head city
of a government"), 'decapitate', et al., Indonesian and Malay 'kepala',
German 'Kopf', Nepali 'kapal', Romanian 'capul', Modern Greek 'kephali',
Javanese 'kepala', et al.]
- capt
- leader -- a person who rules or guides or inspires others
[From Late Latin 'capitaneus', "chief", extant in words for captain
in Arabic, Russian, Hindi, Spanish and English.]
- caras
- love -- a strong positive emotion of regard and affection
[Blend of Welsh 'cara' and Latin 'ca:rus', "dear, beloved", extant
in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian /caro/ and in English 'caress', 'cherish',
et al; similar to Ilocano /karayo/, Breton /karout/ and Georgian /qvar/.]
- carb
- carbon, C -- an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring
in three allotrophic forms (amorphous, graphite and diamond) that occur
in all organic compounds
[From French 'carbone', extant in Arabic, Hindi, English, Spanish,
Italian, Esperanto, Novial.]
- carc
- sharp object -- an object having a thin edge or a fine point suitable
for or capable of cutting or piercing [scalar]
[Truncation of /akarkut/, a blend of Esperanto 'akra' and Latin 'acutus',
extent in English, Spanish, Italian, et al.]
- card
- heart -- the hollow muscular organ whose rhythmic contractions pump
blood through the body
[From Greek 'cardia' from Indo-European *kerd-, extant in Arabic,
Hindi, Romance (Latin 'cardia', Spanish, Italian, et al), Germanic (English
'heart', German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- carn
- flesh -- the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle
tissue and fat
[From Latin 'carn-, caro', "flesh", extant in Spanish and English.]
- cars
- cross -- a shape, mark or pattern formed by the intersection of two
lines
[From Hindi /kras/, from Latin 'crux', extant in Russian, Spanish,
English, Hungarian, et al.]
- cart
- card -- thin cardboard, usually rectangular
[Greek 'khartes', extant in Russian, Hindi, Germanic (English, German,
Dutch), Romance (Latin, Spanish), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial), with
initial /k/ in Mandarin Chinese /kapyan/.]
- cat
- cut, cutting -- a part removed from a main body through use of a sharp-edged
instrument
[From /kat-/, a common form attested in Arabic(Egyptian) 'qat,a`'
/kata/, Arabic(Syrian) 'qat,' /kat/, Assamese 'kat.a-', Bengali 'kat.i;',
Bislama 'katem', Cambodian 'gut', Cantonese 'got', English 'cut', Fijian
'kotiva', Fiji-Hindi 'kaat.-', Hakka 'kot', Hindi /kat/, Ilocano 'ickat',
Kannada 'kadhe', Lamani 'kaat.', Lingala 'kata', Maltese 'qata'', Nepali
'kaat-', Oriya 'kat.a', Oromo(Galla) 'kuta', Portuguese 'cort-', Punjabi
'kat.t.', Sotho 'kuta', Spanish 'cort-', Swahili '-kata', Urdu /kat/
and Vietnamese 'ca`t'. Initial /k-/ in Achenese 'koh', Afrikaans 'keep/kap',
Azerbaijani 'kes', Gujarati 'kaap-', Haitian 'koupe', Japanese 'kir-'
(as in 'hara-kir-i'', "belly-cutting")', Kazakh 'kesu', Kyrgyz 'kes-',
Maldivian 'kand-', Mandarin Chinese /ke-/ forms meaning "cut', carve',
engrave"', Mandingo 'kuntu', Modern Greek 'ko'phto', Russian /kos/ ("mow"),
Shona 'cheka', Sundanese 'keureut', Tatar 'kisü', Telegu 'koos-', Turkish
'kesit', Uighur 'käs-' and Uzbek 'kes-'. Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon
System.]
- catoh
- cat -- feline mammal usu. having thick soft fur Felis catus
[Blend of Arabic /kat/ and Russian /koshk/, with /kat-/ also in English
'cat', German 'katze', Dutch 'kat' and with /-ato-/ from Spanish 'gato'
and Italian 'gatto'.]
- caz
- cause -- someone or something that produces an effect, result or consquence
[Latin 'causa', extant in Spanish and English, with initial /k-/
in Hindi /karn/.]
- celeb
- play, diversion -- activity engaged in for enjoyment or recreation
[Blend of Hindi /kel/ and Arabic /laib/, influenced by Latin 'celebrare',
extant in English, Spanish, et al.]
- ciber
- cyberspace -- all or part of a computer's storage space, whether temporary
like RAM or permanent like a hard drive
[English 'cyber-'.]
- cirv
- curve -- a line that smoothly and continuously deviates from straightness
[From Latin 'curvus', extant in Russian, English, Spanish, Italian,
German, Esperanto and Novial. Vowel altered from /u/ due to a clash
with an "unprintable" Russian word for "whore".]
- cis
- story, tale -- a narrative account describing incidents or events
[From Hindi & Arabic /kisa/.]
- cisid
- acid -- a substance having a pH of less than 7.0
[From Russian /kisl/ and Latin 'acidus', extant in Spanish, English,
Italian, Esperanto and Novial.]
- citab
- book -- a copy of a written work or composition that has been published
on pages bound together
[From Arabic /kitab/, with /kit-/ in Roumanian stem 'cit-', "read",
and with initial /k-/ in Russian /knig/, "book".]
- cog
- knowledge -- the psychological result of perception, learning and
reasoning
[From Latin 'cognitio', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- cohol
- alcohol -- any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds made from
hydrocarbons by distillation
[From Arabic /kuhul/, which has been adopted (with its definite article,
'al') into Russian, Hindi, English, Spanish, German, Dutch, Esperanto,
Novial, et al.]
- col
- wheel -- a simple machine of a circular frame that can rotate on a
shaft or axle
[From Russian /koliso/, with /kol/- used in most other Slavic languages.]
- coleb
- oscillation -- movement or swinging from side to side regularly; as
of a pendulum
[From Russian /koleb/, with initial /k-/ in Arabic /khaz/ and Hindi
/khil/.]
- color
- color -- a visual attribute of things that results from the light
they emit, transmit or reflect
[Latin 'color', extant in English 'color', Spanish 'colour', Italian
'colore', Dutch 'kleur', Esperanto 'koloro' and Novial 'kolore'.]
- comanj
- eating -- the act of taking in solid food
[Blend of Spanish /kom/ and Old French 'mangier', extant in English
('manger'), Italian, Esperanto and Novial, with initial /k-/ in Hindi
/kha/.]
- comar
- comparison -- examining resemblences or differences
[From Latin 'comparare', extant in Spanish and English, with initial
/k-/ in Arabic /karan/.]
- comb
- fight, combat, conflict -- a conflict between opposing groups, in
which each attempts to gain power over the other
[From Late Latin 'combattere', extant in Romance (French, Spanish)
and English, with initial /k-/ in Arabic.]
- comp
- computer -- a programmable electronic machine that automatically performs
mathematical and logical calculations
[From /komp-/ and /kamp-/ forms used in Russian, Germanic (English,
German, Dutch), Italian and Esperanto.]
- comun
- communication -- the activity of exchanging information
[From Latin 'comunicare', extant in Spanish, English, Italian, Esperanto,
Novial, et al., with intial /k-/ in Arabic /kalam/.]
- con
- opposite extreme, polar opposite -- the direct contrast
[From Latin 'contra-', extant in English, et al.]
- cond
- condition, state, status -- the way something is in respect to its
main attributes
[From Latin 'condition', extant in English and Spanish, et al.]
- cont
- control -- power to direct or determine
[From English 'control', adopted into Russian, Spanish, Italian and
Novial.]
- conus
- cone -- a shape whose base is round and whose sides taper up to a
point
[From Russian, German, Dutch and Esperanto /konus-/, with initial
/kon-/ in Spanish, English, Italian and Novial forms.]
- cop
- copy, a duplicate -- a reproduction of something
[From Medieval Latin 'copia', extant in Russian, Romance (Spanish
and Italian), Germanic (English, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial). (Arabic root /k-l-d/.)]
- corb
- edge -- the boundary of a surface
[Blend of Hindi /kor/ with Germanic /bor/ (from *border, extant in
French, Italian, English and Novial). Initial /k-/ strengthened by Russian
/krai/.]
- cord
- string, thread -- a lightweight cord, typically used for weaving,
fastening, tying or lacing
[From Greek 'khorde', extant in Latin, Spanish, Italian, English,
Dutch, Novial, et al.]
- corect
- correct -- the state of being free from errors or mistakes
[From Latin 'corect-', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- cos
- food preparation -- the act of readying food for eating, typically
by cooking
[From Spanish /kos/, with initial /k-/ in English 'cook'.]
- cost
- bone, os -- rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of
vertebrates
[From Russian /kost/, with /-ost/ reinforced by Greek 'osteon', "bone"
(extant in English osteo-, Esperanto 'osto', et al).]
- cov
- cover -- something that serves to protect or conceal something
[From English 'cover', with initial /k-/ in Russian /kriv/.]
- cozom
- outer space -- any region of space outside Earth's atmosphere
[From Greek 'kosmos', extant in Russian, English, et al.]
- cub
- cup -- a small open container usu. used for drinking
[From Arabic /kub/ and Russian /kubak/, both from Late Latin 'cuppa',
also borrowed into Spanish, English and Dutch; initial /k-/ in Hindi
/kator/.]
- cumah
- cloth, fabric -- something made by weaving, felting, knitting or crocheting
natural or synthetic fibres
[From Arabic /kumash/, with initial /k-/ in English 'cloth' /kloth/
and Hindi /kapna/.]
- curl
- violence -- the use of physical force for the purpose of violating,
damaging or abusing people, animals or property
[From Romance /kruel/ forms (ultimately from Latin 'crudelis', "cruel",
extant in Spanish, English, Hindi (/krur/), et al. With initial /k-/
in Chinese /ku/ and Arabic /kas/. (Use instead of 'vilens', from Latin,
since 'curl' is more international in mnemonicity.)]
- curs
- running movement -- moving fast by using one's feet, with one foot
off the ground at any given time
[From Indo-European *kers-, "to run", extant in Latin 'currere',
extant in English 'cursor', 'course', 'corral', et al.]
- dab
- pressing, pressure -- the act of pressing
[From Hindi /dab/, with initial /d-/ in Russian, Arabic, German and
Dutch.]
- dal
- diagonal, incline -- something arranged obliquely or slanted
[From Hindi /dal/.]
- dar
- stripe -- marking of a different color or texture from the background
[From Hindi /dar/, with initial /d-/ in Mandarin Chinese /dai/.]
- darg
- road, route -- an open way generally public for travel or transportation
[Blend of Arabic /darb/, Hindi /marg/ and Russian /darog/, with initial
/d-/ in Mandarin Chinese /dau/.]
- dart
- dirt, ground -- the loose soft material that makes up a large part
of the surface of land
[From Hindi /darti/ and English /dirt/.]
- datun
- same things, identical things -- things incapable of being perceived
as different
[From Arabic /datu/ and Mandarin Chinese /tun/.]
- delc
- claim, assertion -- a declaration made as if no supporting evidence
were necessary
[From Latin 'declarare', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- dend
- debt -- the state of owing money
[From Hindi /dendar/, with /d-n-/ in Arabic /dain/ and Russian /doljn/
and with /d-d/ in Spanish /deuda/, with initial /d-/ in English 'debit',
Latin /debitum/ and Italian 'debito'.]
- dens
- dense something -- something with relatively high density (the quantity
of something per unit measure, especially for area, but also for length
or volume) [scalar]
[Latin 'densus', extant in Spanish, Italian, English, Esperanto,
Novial, et al, with /d-/ forms in German and Dutch.]
- dent
- tooth -- hard bonelike structures in the jaws of vertebrates; used
for biting and chewing or for attack and defense
[Indo-European *dent-, recognizably extant in Hindi, Romance (Latin,
Spanish, Italian), English ('dental'), auxilaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- des
- ten to the power of -- forms large number words, as in 'desduv' ("ten
to the power of two, 100"), 'dester' (1,000) and 'dessis' (1,000,000);
when used to describe how many of something is taken as an approximation
[Latin 'decem', "ten" (extant in Spanish & Italian), from Indo-European
*dekm, extant in Russian, Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxilaries
(Esperanto, Novial). Mnemonic: decimal.]
- desir
- desire, wish, want -- a longing or strong inclination for something
[From Latin 'desiderare', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- dev
- god, deity, divinity -- any supernatural being worshipped as controlling
some part of the world or some aspect of life or who is the personification
of a force
[From Indo-European *deiwos, extant in Hindi 'dev' and in Latin 'devus',
"god" (itself extant in English 'divine', Spanish 'dios', Italian 'dio'
& 'divinita', Esperanto 'dio', Novial 'dee').]
- dif
- difficult task -- something requiring relatively great effort to accomplish,
comprehend or endure [scalar]
[From Latin 'difficultas', extant in Spanish and English, with initial
/d-/ in Hindi /dushkar/.]
- din
- day -- time for a planet to make a complete rotation on its axis
[From Hindi /din/ and Russian /dien/, with initial /d-/ in Spanish
/dia/, English 'day', Dutch 'dag', Indo-European *dye-, Latin 'dies'.]
- dinar
- money -- the most common medium of exchange; legal tender
[By extension from Latin 'denarius', which has inspired the term
'dinar' for a unit of currency in Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen and Yugoslavia and is the Romance root
of Spanish 'dinero' and Italian 'denaro'. With initial /d-/ in Russian
/dyeng/.]
- direct
- direction -- orientation, a line leading to a place or point
[Latin 'directio', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, French),
English, auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- dis
- separation -- the condition of being spaced apart
[Latin 'dis', "apart, asunder", extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- dit
- digit -- a finger or toe in human beings or corresponding part in
other vertebrates; in compounds, used metaphorically for digit-like
parts, such as tongues and horns
[From Italian 'dito', from Latin 'digitus', also extant in Spanish
'dedos', English 'digit', French 'doigt', Portuguese 'dedos', et al.]
- doj
- precipitation -- the falling to earth of rain or snow or hail or sleet
or fog
[From Russian /dozhd/.]
- don
- gift -- something acquired without compensation
[From Latin 'donum', "gift" (extant in English 'donate', in Spanish,
Esperanto and Novial), from Indo-European *do-, "to give", extant in
Hindi /dena/ and Russian /dav/.]
- dun
- east -- the direction of sunrise
[From Mandarin Chinese /dun/ (an Eastern word for east!).]
- dur
- long event -- an event that takes relatively more time than others
[scalar]
[From Medieval Latin 'duratio', "duration", extant in Romance (Spanish,
Italian), Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial).]
- duv
- two -- the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral
representing such a number
[From Indo-European *dwo-, extant in Romance (Latin, Italian, Spanish,
etc.), English ('duo'), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- fab
- creation -- something made, constructed or created (but not as a synonym
of "caused")
[Since there were no common roots for "make", this term is borrowed
from common terms for "factory" ("place that makes"): from Latin 'fabricare',
"to make", extant in words for factory -- Russian /fabrik/, German 'Fabrik',
Dutch 'fabriek', Spanish 'fabbrica', Italian 'fabbrica', Hindi /fektri/,
Esperanto 'fabriko', Novial 'fabrike', English 'fabrication'.]
- fac
- obscenity -- something offensive to standards of decency [typically
appended to a word to make it obscene: e.g., _duvpig_ is "buttocks",
but _duvpigfac_ is "ass"]
[Alteration of English 'f-ck'.]
- fam
- family -- a social unit living together
[From Latin 'familia', extant in Romance and Germanic languages (e.g.,
Spanish, Italian, French, English, Dutch, Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- fan
- art -- the products of creativity; works of art collectively
[From Arabic /fan/.]
- farc
- difference, different object -- something dissimilar from something
else [scalar]
[From Turkish /fark/, with initial /far-/ in Arabic /farik/ and Hindi
/farak/.]
- farh
- fraction -- quotient of two rational numbers
[From Latin 'fractio', extant in English and Spanish, with similarity
to Mandarin Chinese /fenshu/.]
- fas
- decay, rotten object -- something with has undergone decomposition
of organic matter caused by bacterial or fungal action [scalar]
[From Arabic /fasad/, "rotten", with initial /f-/ in Mandarin Chinese
/fu/.]
- fer
- iron, Fe -- a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element
[Latin 'ferrum', extant in Spanish, English, Italian, Esperanto and
Novial.]
- ferc
- frequent event -- an event that occurs relatively often within a given
time period [scalar]
[From Latin 'frequentia', "frequency", extant in Germanic (English,
Dutch) and Romance (Spanish, Italian)]
- fest
- celebration, rejoicing, jubilee -- an occasion for special festivities
to mark some happy event
[Latin 'festivalis', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al),
English, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- fib
- amphibian -- cold-blooded vertebrate of class Amphibia, typically
living on land and breeding in water; aquatic larvae undergo metamorphosis
[From New Latin 'Amphibia' (from Greek), extant in English, et al.]
- fil
- file -- the basic unit of a computer's nonmemory storage system
[From English 'file', widely borrowed.]
- fin
- ending, conclusion, completion -- the last part of a process or object
considered in its entirety
[From Latin 'finis', "end", extant in English, Spanish, Italian,
Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- foc
- fire -- process of combustion
[From Latin 'focus', "hearth, fire", extant in Romance (Spanish 'fuego',
Italian 'fuoco', Portuguese 'fogo', Catalan & Romanian 'foc' and French
'feu') and English (in 'focus', 'fuel' and 'foyer'), strengthened by
/f-/ starting German, English, Esperanto and Novial forms. Source: Raymond
Brown.]
- fon
- sound -- the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause
[Backformation from Dublex 'telfon', "telephone", since "telephone"
occurs in more languages than /son-/ or any other root for "sound".]
- font
- front -- the forward part or surface of something
[From Latin 'front-', extant in Spanish and English.]
- forl
- flower, bloom, blossom -- reproductive organ of angiosperm plants
esp. one having showy or colorful parts
[From Latin 'flora', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, French),
English ('flora', 'flower') and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- form
- form, shape -- the characteristic two-dimensional surface configuration
of a thing; an outline or a contour
[From Latin 'forma', extant in Russian, Germanic (English, German,
Dutch, et al), Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- fort
- strong object -- something with great capacity to do work or cause
physical change [scalar]
[From Latin 'fortis', "strength", extant in Spanish and English.]
- furt
- fruit -- the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
[From Spanish 'fruto', from Latin 'fructus', extant in Arabic, Russian,
Romance (Italian, et al), Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and
auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al). Initial /ph-/ in Hindi /phal/.]
- galc
- throat, pharynx -- the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front
part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone
[Blend of Hindi /gal/ and Arabic /halk/, with /g-l/ in Russian /glot/
and /gorl/ and in English 'gullet' and Italian 'gola', and with initial
/g-/ in Spanish 'garganta', Esperanto 'gorg^o' and Novial 'guture'.]
- gan
- agent -- person who does or brings about something
[From Mandarin Chinese 'gan'.]
- gard
- scale -- a scale of intensity, amount or quantity
[Latin 'gradus', "degree", extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian),
Germanic (English, German, Dutch), Esperanto and Novial.]
- garm
- communication unit -- a collection of words, oral or written or otherwise
represented, conveying a central idea
[From Greek 'gramma', "something written, a small weight", borrowed
into many languages as a weight measure ('gram'), but use to refer to
something written in 'telegram', 'aerogram', et al.]
- gars
- grass -- narrow-leaved green herbage, grown in lawns, used as pasture
for grazing animals, cut and dried as hay
[Indo-European *ghre-so-, extant in Hindi /gas/, and English & German
& Dutch /gras/.]
- gas
- gas -- fluid in its freest state having neither definite shape or
volume and being able to expand indefinitely
[From Dutch 'gas', a scientific term that is widespread internationally
(Arabic, Russian, Spanish, German, English, Italian, Esperanto, Novial,
et al).]
- ger
- all sides, all around -- in close to all sides from all directions
[prep. Around]
[From Hindi /ger/, "surround". While English 'surround' and Spanish
/sirkund/ were considered, they were too close in form to Dublex 'sur'
and 'sirc' to be acceptable.]
- germ
- sibling -- a person's brother or sister
[Latin as 'germanus', "germane" (from Indo-European *gen-men-), extant
in Spanish 'hermano', "brother", and 'hermana', "sister", and in English
'german' and 'germane'. (Mandarin Chinese, Russian and Hindi lack a
common term for sibling, and the Arabic root doesn't easily fit Dublex
phonotactics.)]
- gid
- food -- any substance that can be metabolised by an organism to give
energy or build tissue
[From Arabic /gida/.]
- gitar
- guitar -- a stringed instrument usu. having four, five or six strings,
played by strumming or picking
[Spanish 'guitarra' /gitar-/ has been adopted into every major language,
including Mandarin Chinese (/jita/). Present in Arabic, English, Hindi,
Russian, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- gov
- government -- an organization that is a governing authority of a political
unit
[From Romance 'govern-', from Latin 'gubernare', extant in English,
Spanish, Italian, Novial, et al.]
- gulb
- deep object -- something with relatively great extent downward, backward
or inward [scalar]
[From Russian /glubok/, with initial /g-/ in Hindi /gakhr/.]
- gurn
- grains, cereal -- grain suitable as food for human beings
[Blend of Mandarin Chinese /gu/ and Spanish /grano/, strengthed by
/g-r-n/ in English, Dutch, Esperanto and Novial forms, with initial
/g-/ in Hindi and Arabic.]
- gurp
- group -- any number of objects or events aggregated together in an
unstructured fashion
[From Germanic /grup/, extant in Afrikaans 'groep', Albanian 'grup',
Azerbaijani 'qrup', Bashkir 'gruppa', Belarus 'grupa', Bosnian 'grupa',
Cambodian 'grom', Catalan 'grup', Chamorro 'gurupu', Croatian 'grupa',
Danish 'gruppe', Dutch 'groep', English 'group', Esperanto 'grupo',
French 'groupe', Ga 'kuu', Georgian 'jgupfi', German 'gruppe', Greek
(Modern) 'group', Haitian 'gwoup', Hausa 'gungu', Hindi 'giroh', Ilokano
'grupo', Indonesian '*grup' (in some set phrases), Italian 'gruppo',
Japanese '*guruup' (in some set phrases), Javanese 'grup', Latvian 'grupa',
Lithuanian 'grupe', Macedonian 'grupa', Maltese 'grupp', Norwegian 'gruppe',
Novial 'grupe', Persian 'goruh', Polish 'grupa', Portuguese 'grupo',
Romanian 'grupa^', Russian 'gruppa', Serbian 'grupa', Slovene 'gruc^a',
Spanish 'grupo', Swedish 'grupp', Tajik 'gruppa', Tatar 'grupa', Tongan
'kulupu', Turkish 'grup', Twi 'kuw', Ukrainian 'grupa', Urdu 'gyroh',
Uzbek 'gruppa', Welsh 'grwp', West-Armenian 'khump' and Yiddish 'grupe'.
Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- habil
- ability -- quality of being able to perform
[From Latin 'habilitas', extant in Spanish 'habilidad', English 'ability'.]
- hacar
- form, shape -- the characteristic three-dimensional configuration
or abstraction of a thing [contrast with "form", the two-dimensional
shape]
[Blend of Arabic /shakl/ and Hindi /akar/.]
- hafer
- blade -- a broad, flat part of a tool that usu. has a cutting edge
[From Arabic /shafr/.]
- halt
- high object -- something relatively distant from the ground [scalar]
[Blend of English 'height' (with cognates in German and Dutch) with
Latin 'altus', "high", extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian) and auxiliaries
(Esperanto, Novial).]
- hand
- hand -- the prehensile distal extremity of the superior limb
[From Germanic /hand/ (in English, German, Dutch, et al), with /ha-/
reinforced by Hindi.]
- har
- four -- the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one
[From Hindi /shar/, with initial /sh-/ in Russian /shyetre/.]
- harl
- square -- a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles
[Truncation of 'harlinform', "tetragon, four-line-shape". The Arabic,
English, Hindi, Russian and Spanish forms are ultimately derived from
words meaning "four".]
- hasal
- event, occurrence, happening -- something that takes place
[From Arabic /hasal/.]
- haz
- fun -- activities that are enjoyable or amusing
[Truncation of 'hazil', "comedy".]
- hazar
- tree -- a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches
forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymno- and angiosperms
[From Arabic /shazar/, with /sh-/ in Mandarin Chinese /shu/.]
- hazil
- comedy -- something funny or humorous
[From Arabic /hazli/, with initial /h-/ in Mandarin Chinese /hwaji/
and Hindi /hasya/.]
- herc
- sphere -- three-dimensional closed surface such that each point is
equidistant from another
[Contraction of 'hircsacar', mispronounciation of Dublex 'sirchacar',
"circle 3D-object".]
- hical
- frame -- a structure supporting or containing something
[From Arabic /haikal/.]
- hild
- shield -- a protective structure or device, esp. one used by warriors
[From English 'shield', from Germanic *skelduz, extant in German,
Dutch, Novial, et al., and borrowed into Spanish as 'escudo'. Initial
/sh-/ sound in Italian 'schermo' and Esperanto 's^ermilo'. ]
- him
- tool, utensil, implement -- an apparatus for practical use (esp. in
a household)
[From Hindi /shimta/, with initial /sh-/ in Mandarin Chinese and
in Russian (in /shipsi/, "tongs").]
- hir
- bird -- warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates of the class Aves characterized
by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
[From Hindi /shiryi/, with initial /shi-/ in Mandarin Chinese.]
- hisan
- horse, Equus caballus -- solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated
since prehistoric times
[Arabic /hisan/, with initial /h-/ in English 'horse'.]
- hocolat
- chocolate -- food made from roasted ground cacao beans
[Derived from Nahuatl 'xocolatl' and extant in every major language,
including Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, Norwegian
'sjokolade', Spanish, Swedish 'chokolad', Italian, French, German, Dutch,
Esperanto and Novial.]
- hor
- hour -- a time period of 60 minutes
[From Latin 'hora', extant in Hindi, Romance (Spanish, Italian, French),
English ('hour'), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- horc
- wide object -- something with relatively great extent from side to
side [scalar]
[Contraction of Russian /shirok/, with /sh-r/ in Hindi /shaur/.]
- horz
- horizontal -- something, such as a line, a plane or an object, that
is parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or base line
[From Latin 'horizon', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic
(English, German, Dutch) and auxilaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- hubac
- opening, aperture -- an opening into something that goes completely
through it [contrast 'cand']
[From Arabic /shubak/, with initial /sh-/ in Mandarin Chinese /shuan/.]
- hucar
- thanks -- an acknowledgement of appreciation
[From Hindi /shukra/ and Arabic /shukr/, with initial /sh-/ in Mandarin
Chinese /shye/.]
- human
- human, human being -- any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae
[From Spanish and English 'human', and Hindi /manav/.]
- hun
- choice -- the act of choosing or selecting
[From Hindi /shuna/ and Mandarin Chinese /shuan/.]
- jam
- tuber -- a swollen, fleshy, typically subterranean stem such as the
potato and yam, bearing buds from which new shoots grow
[Widely international term for "yam", ultimately from Mandingo (Bambara)
'ñambu', extant in Arabic, Russian, Spanish, English, et al.]
- jamad
- freeze -- the act of freezing; the state of being frozen
[From Arabic /jamad/ and Hindi /jama/.]
- jamil
- beauty -- qualities that give pleasure to the senses
[From Arabic /jamil/.]
- jant
- animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna -- a living organism
characterized by voluntary movement
[From Hindi /zhantu/ and Russian /zhivotna/, both from Indo-European
*gwei- and therefore cognate to Latin vita_, Greek _bio-_ and English
_quick_).]
- jeb
- pocket -- a small pouch in a garment for carrying small articles
[Afghan-Dari 'jeb', Albanian 'xhepi', Arabic (Egyptian) 'ge^b', Arabic
(Iraqi) 'jayb', Arabic (Levant) 'z^aybe', Arabic (Syrian) 'z^eeb', Arabic
(Gulf) 'jeeb', Arabic (Morocccan) 'z^ib', Azerbaijani 'cib' /djib/,
Bosnian 'dz^ep', Bulgarian 'job', Croatian 'dz^ep', Fulani 'jiiba',
Georgian 'jibe', Hindi 'je'b', Hungarian 'zseb', Kannada 'jeebu', Khowar
'jib', Kurdish 'ce^b' /djeb/, Macedonian 'tseb', Modern Greek 'tsepi',
Nepali 'jeb', Nubian 'g^eb', Panjabi 'jeb', Persian 'jib', Pushtu 'je:b',
Serbian 'dz^ep', Somali 'jeeb-ka', Telegu 'jeebu', Turkish 'cep' /djeb/,
Turkmen 'jübi' and Urdu 'je'b'. Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- jel
- yellow -- the quality or state of the chromatic color resembling the
hue of sunflowers or lemons
[From Russian /jelt/, reinforced by pattern of /y/ being borrowed
as /j/ from English 'yellow', Italian 'giallo'.]
- jib
- task, work, chore, job, assignment -- a specific piece of work done
as a duty or for a fee
[Blend of Mandarin Chinese /jiie/ and English 'job'.]
- jor
- connection, joint -- the shape or manner in which things come together
and a connection is made
[From Hindi /zhor/, with initial /zh-/ in Mandarin Chinese /zhye/.]
- lam
- intensity, emphasis -- exceptionally great concentration, power or
force {intensive}
[From Arabic /lami/.]
- lamp
- lamp -- an artificial source of visible illumination
[From Greek 'lampas', extant in Romance (Latin, Italian), Germanic
(English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- lan
- face -- human face: the front of the head from the forehead to the
chin and ear to ear; "he washed his face"
[From Mandarin Chinese /lyan/, with initial /l-/ in Russian /lico/.]
- lang
- long object -- something with relatively large length (a measure of
the gap between two spaces) [scalar]
[From Germanic *langaz, "long", extant in English, German, Dutch,
Italian, Esperanto, Novial, with initial /l-/ in 'largo' and Hindi /lamb/.]
- lans
- spear, lance -- a long pointed rod used as a weapon
[Latin 'lancea', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic (English,
Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- lant
- fall -- the act or an instance of dropping (being pulled downward
by gravity)
[From Mandarin Chinese /lue/.]
- lav
- washing -- the process of cleansing using water and/or chemicals
[From Latin 'lavatio', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English
and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- lern
- learning -- the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
[From English 'learn', from a common Germanic root attested in German,
Dutch, Esperanto, Novial.]
- let
- little -- a small amount or duration {diminutive}
[From Romance -el, -et, -elet, extant in English -let ('booklet'),
-ette, et al.]
- lev
- left -- the side to the north when a person is facing east
[From Russian /lyev/, Latin /laev-/ and English 'left'.]
- lib
- freedom, liberty -- the power to act, speak or think without externally
imposed restraints
[From Latin 'libertas', "freedom", extant in Spanish, English, French,
Italian, Esperanto and Novial.]
- lic
- liquid -- a fluid substance having no fixed shape but a defined volume
[From Latin 'liquidus', extant in Spanish, English, Italian, Esperanto
and Novial.]
- lin
- line -- a two-dimensional object without breadth or thickness
[From Latin 'linea', extant in Russian, Spanish, English, German,
Dutch, Italian, Esperanto, Novial.]
- loc
- location, position -- the particular portion of space occupied by
a physical object
[From Latin 'locus', extant in English 'location', Italian 'luogo',
Esperanto 'loko', Novial 'loke' and German 'Lage'.]
- luc
- allium -- onion, garlic, leek or similar plants of the genus Allium
[From Russian /luk/ and English /lik/.]
- luft
- air -- a mixture of gases (esp. oxygen) required for breathing, the
region above the ground
[From German 'Luft', extant in English borrowed term 'Luftwaffe'.
Close in form to Dutch 'lucht'.]
- lum
- light -- visible electro-magnetic radiation
[From Latin 'lumen', from Indo-European *leuk-, extant in Spanish,
Italian, Germanic (English, German, Dutch), Esperanto and Novial.]
- lun
- moon, Moon -- any natural satellite of a planet, typically the natural
satellite of the Earth
[Latin 'luna', extant in Russian, Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al),
English ('lunar') and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- mahin
- machine -- any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies
energy to perform or assist the performance of human tasks
[From Latin 'machine' (from Indo-European *magh-ana- by way of Greek),
extant in Arabic, Russian, Hindi, Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al),
Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al), and auxilaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- mal
- disparagement, pejoration -- low opinion {derogative, pejorative}
[Latin 'mal-', extant in English and Romance.]
- malact
- milk -- white nutritious liquid secreted by animals and used as food
by human beings
[Blend of Russian /malako/, English /milk/ and Indo-European *g(a)lakt-,
extant in Greek 'galakt-' (whence English 'galaxy'), Latin 'lact-' (whence
English 'lactose', 'lactate', etc., Spanish 'leche', Italian 'latte',
Esperanto 'lakto', et al).]
- malc
- possession -- anything that is had or owned [when used as a verb,
in form
[From Hindi /malik/ and Arabic /malak/.]
- mam
- mammal -- any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less
covered with hair; young are born alive, except for the small subclass
of monotremes, and nourished with milk
[From Late Latin 'mammalis', "of the breast", extant in English 'mammal',
Spanish 'mamífero', Italian 'mammifero', with initial /m-/ strengthened
by Russian /mlikapitayuc/.]
- mand
- command, instruction -- a code telling a computer to perform a particular
operation; the code ranges from a machine code to a line of source code
in a high-level programming language
[From Latin 'mandare', "order" (extant in Spanish /demand-/, English
'mandate', Italian, Esperanto and Novial /komand-/ et al), reinforced
by Mandarin Chinese /min/, and Arabic /amar/.]
- mans
- meat -- the flesh of animals (incl. birds, fishes, snails, et al)
when used as food
[Forms like /mantsa/ are common from Slavic to Sanscrit. With /m-s/
in Russian /myas/ and /m-/ in English 'meat'. From Acadon.]
- map
- parent -- a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth
to a child
[Blend of English 'ma' & 'pa', which have many cognates throughout
the world (/m*-/ for "mother" is extremely widespread). Reversal of
Acadon 'pa' & 'ma' combination.]
- mar
- ocean, sea -- a very large body of salt water
[Latin 'mare', extant in Russian /mor/, Spanish /mar/, English 'maritime',
German 'Meer', Italian 'mare', Esperanto 'maro' and Novial 'mare'.]
- marc
- mark -- visible indication made on a surface
[From /mark-/, in Hindi, English, Dutch, Esperanto and Novial.]
- mas
- male -- a person or animal that belongs to the sex that cannot have
babies
[Latin 'mas', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English ('masculine'),
Novial, similar to Hindi /mushsk/, with initial /ma-/ in German and
Dutch.]
- mat
- adult -- a fully developed person or creature from maturity onward
[Contraction of Latin 'maturus', extant in Russian, English, Esperanto,
Novial, et al.]
- mater
- matter, material, substance -- that which has mass and occupies space
[From Arabic 'mad', from Latin 'matiera', extant in Russian, Romance
(Spanish, Italian), Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries
(Esperanto, Novial).]
- med
- middle, center -- a point equidistant from the ends of a line or the
extremities of a figure
[Indo-European *medhyo-, extant in Hindi, Slavic (Russian, et al),
Romance (Latin, Spanish, Italian) and Germanic (English, German, Dutch).]
- meh
- sheep -- woolly usu. horned ruminant mammal related to the goat
[From Hindi /mesh/.]
- memb
- item, member -- a single article or unit in a group, a set or a series
[From Latin 'membrum', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English
and Novial.]
- ment
- mind -- that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings
[From Indo-European *mn-ti-, extant in Hindi, Romance (Latin, Spanish,
Italian), English, auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial), with initial /m-/
in Russin /misl/.]
- mer
- measure, measurement -- magnitude as determined by calculation
[From Russian /myer/, strengthened by /m-r/ in English 'measure',
with /m-/ in Hindi, Spanish, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto, Novial,
et al.]
- mest
- site -- piece of land where something is or will be located
[From Russian /miest/, with initial /m-/ in the Arabic locative (inter
alia) prefix /ma-/.]
- metal
- metal -- any of several chemical elements with loose valence electrons
[From Greek 'metallon', extant in Romance (Latin, Spanish, Italian),
Russian, Arabic, Germanic (English, German, Dutch).]
- metod
- way -- a manner of doing something or the manner in which a thing
is done or happens
[From Greek 'methodos', extant in Russian, Latin, Spanish, English,
et al.]
- micor
- tiny object/event -- a very small amount or duration {diminutive}
[From Greek 'mikro-', widely borrowed.]
- milit
- military -- the military forces of a nation or faction
[Latin 'militaris', extant in Germanic (English, German, Dutch, at
al), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al) and Italian.]
- min
- fish -- any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usu.
having scales and breathing through gills
[From Hindi /min/ and English 'minnow'.]
- mir
- world -- a part of the universe that can be considered separately;
often used for a planet
[From Russian /mir/ adopted as the name of the USSR space station
and so used internationally. Initial /m-/ in Spanish /mundo/.]
- mirg
- deer, cervid -- distinguished from Bovidae by the male's having solid
deciduous antlers
[From Hindi 'mrig', with initial /m-/ in Mandarin Chinese 'mi'.]
- miz
- corn, maize -- tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears;
widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal
in Mexico and South America since pre-Columbian times
[From Spanish 'maíz' (from Cariban 'mahiz'), extant in Russian, Italian,
Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al), with initial /m-/ strengthened by Hindi /marki/.]
- mob
- furniture -- the movable objects in a room that make it fit for living
or working.
[From Arabic /mobiliia/, Russian /miebel/ and Spanish 'muebles'.]
- molot
- hammer -- a hand tool with a rigid heavy head and a handle; used to
deliver an impulsive force by striking
[From Russian /molot/, from Latin 'malleus', extant in Romance (Spanish
'martillo', Italian 'martello'), Hindi /martual/ and English 'mallet'.]
- mont
- mountain, mount -- a land mass that projects well above its surroundings;
higher than a hill
[From Latin 'montanus', extant in Spanish, Italian, English, Esperanto,
Novial.]
- mort
- death -- the event of dying or the departure from life
[From /mort-/ in many languages', meaning "death" or "dead", AfghanDari
'morda', Amharic 'mut', Arabic(Egyptian) 'moot', Arabic(Iraqi) 'moot',
Arabic(Libyan) 'mitt', Arabic(Morrocan) 'mut', Arabic(Syrian) 'moot',
Balinese 'mati', Belarus 'cmerts'', Bengali 'mrito', Bosnian 'smrt',
Breton 'maro', Bulgarian 'm'rt'v', Catalan 'mort', Czech 'mrtvy'', French
'mort', Gujarati 'maran/mot', Haitian 'mouri', Hausa 'mutuwà', Hebrew
'mavet', Hindi 'murdaa', Indonesian 'mati', Italian 'morto', Javanese
'mati', Kannada 'mr.ta', Lamani 'maran.', Lamani(Gormati) 'mardaa',
Latvian 'mires', Lithuanian 'mirtis', Macedonian 'mrtvi', Malagagasy
'maty', Malay 'mati', Maldivian 'maruv-', Maltese 'mewt', Modern-Assyrian
'mo-tä/mauta-', Nivkh 'mu', Oriya 'mruta', Persian 'morde', Portuguese
'morto', Punjabi 'murdaa', Pushtu 'murai', Romanian 'mort', Russian
'smert'', Sanskrit 'mr.ta', Serbian 'smrt', Sindhi 'mautu', Spanish
'muerte', Sundanese 'maot', Ukrainian 'smert'', Urdu 'murdaa' and Welsh
'marw'. Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- mosam
- weather -- physical climate, meteorological conditions
[From Hindi /mausam/.]
- mot
- fat -- plant or animal tissue containing any of various soft, solid,
or semisolid organic compounds constituting the esters of glycerol and
fatty acids
[From Hindi /mota/.]
- motiv
- target -- a desired goal
[From Spanish & English /motiv/, from Old French 'motif', "motive",
extant in Russian. Initial /m-/ in Mandarin Chinese.]
- motor
- motor, engine -- device that converts other forms of energy into mechanical
energy and so imparts motion
[From Latin 'motor', "prime mover", extant in Arabic, Mandarin Chinese,
English, Hindi, Russian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Italian, French, Esperanto
and Novial.]
- mov
- movement -- the act of changing one's location from one place to another
[From Lative 'movere', extant in Romance (Spanish, et al), English,
et al.]
- muc
- mouth, oral cavity -- the opening through which food is taken in and
vocalizations emerge
[From Hindi /muk/, with /mu-/ reinforced by German 'Mund', with initial
/m-/ in Dutch 'mond' and English 'mouth'. Inspired by Acadon 'muc',
"lower face".]
- muh
- rodent, gnawer, gnawing animal -- relatively small gnawing animals
having a single pair of constantly growing incisor teeth specialized
for gnawing
[From Hindi /mushik/, "mouse", with initial /m-/ in Russian /mish/
and English 'mouse'.]
- mulp
- performance -- an activity or system of interaction involving two
or more people (e.g., a ceremony, a contest, an opera)
[Contraction of Dublex 'multpercact', "multiple-person activity".]
- mult
- multiplication -- an arithmetic computation that is the inverse of
division; the product of numbers is computed
[From Latin 'multi-', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic
(English, German) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- mum
- whatchamacallit -- an item or thing that has no name or that has a
name but the speaker can't remember it
[From English 'mumble'.]
- murl
- wall -- an architectural partition with a height and length greater
than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area
[From Latin 'muralis', "of a wall" (extant in French, and in English
'mural', "wall painting", and 'intramural', "within the walls"), from
'murus', "wall".]
- music
- music -- an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating
instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
[From Latin 'musica' (from Greek 'he mousike tekhne'), extant in
Arabic 'musieqa', Amharic 'muziqa', Azerbajani 'musiqi', Bashkir 'muzika;',
Basque 'musika', Belarus 'myzika', Bislama 'miusek', Bosnian 'muzika',
Bulgarian 'muzika', Catalan 'mu'sica', Cebuano 'musika', Chechen 'musika',
Danish 'musik', Dutch 'muziek', English 'music', Esperanto 'muziko',
Finnish 'musiikki', French 'musique', Frisian 'muzyk', German 'Musik',
Greek (Modern) 'mousiki', Hebrew 'musika', Ilocano 'musika', Ilonggo
'musika', Indonesian 'musik', Italian 'musica', Kazakh 'muzika', Kikuyu
'mu~thiki', Kyrgyz 'muzika', Latvian 'mu.zika', Lingala 'miziki', Lithuanian
'muzika', Macedonian 'muzika', Malagasy 'mozika', Malay 'muzik', Maltese
'muz.ika', Mandika 'misikoo', Norwegian 'musikk', Novial 'musike', Pangasinan
'musico', Papiamentu 'mu'siko', Persian 'musighi', Polish 'muzyka',
Portuguese 'mu'sica', Pushtu 'mowsiqi', Romanian 'musica^', Russian
'muzyka', Shona 'musakazo', Somali 'muusik', Spanish 'música', Swahili
'muziki', Swedish 'musik', Tagalog 'muska', Tatar 'muzyka', TokPisin
'musik', Tongan 'musika', Turkmen 'muzika', Tajik 'muzika', Tatar 'muzika',
Turkish 'mu"zik', Uighur 'muzika', Uzbek 'muziqa', Ukrainian 'muzika',
Welsh 'miwsig', Yiddish 'muzik' and Zulu 'umnyuziki'. Source: Leo Moser,
The Acadon System.]
- nahar
- source, origin -- the place where something begins, where it springs
into being
[Blend of Russian /nashin/ and Arabic /shara/.]
- nam
- name -- a language unit by which a person or thing is known
[Consensus form derived from descendants of Indo-European *no-men-,
extant in Achenese 'nan', Afrikaans 'naam', Albanian 'nam', Assamese
'nam', Bengali 'naam', Bislama 'nem', Burmese 'name', Catalan 'nom',
Chamorro 'na`an', Danish 'navn', Dari(Afghan) 'nam', Dumaki 'noom',
Dutch 'naam', English 'name', Esperanto 'nomo', Estonian 'nimi', Finnish
'nimi', French 'nom', German 'Name', Gujarati 'naam', Haitian 'non',
Hindi 'naam', Iban (SeaDayak) 'nama', Indonesian 'nama', Italian 'nome',
Japanese 'namae', Javanese 'nama', Kashmiri 'naam', Kharia 'n~imi',
Khowar 'namo/namen', Lamani 'naam', Malay 'nama', Malayalam 'naamam',
Maldivian 'nama', Marathi 'nav/naama', Nepali 'nama', Norwegian 'navn',
Novial 'nome', Oriya 'naama', Persian 'naam', Portuguese 'nome', Punjabi
'naa~/naam', Pushtu 'nuum', Romanian 'nume', Sanskrit 'naaman', Sinhalese
'nama', Spanish 'nombre', Swedish 'namn', Thai '*nam', Tirahi 'naam',
TokPisin 'nem', Turkish '*nam', Urdu 'naam', Uzbek 'nom', and Yiddish
'nomen'. Initial /n-/ in Bhojpuri 'na~', Bosnian 'naziv', Cebuano 'ngalan',
Hungarian 'ne'v', Icelandic 'nafn', Ilocano 'nagan', Ilonggo 'ngalan',
Konknni (Goa) 'na~va', Kumauni 'na~w', Kurdish 'nav', Lahnda 'na~',
Romany (Czech Gypsy) 'nav', Sindhi 'naala', Tagalog 'ngalan' and Ukrainian
'nazva'. The following forms are from the IE root, but no longer have
initial /n-/: Armenian(East) 'anun', Breton 'anv', Irish 'ainm', Modern
Greek 'onoma', Russian /imen/ and Welsh 'enw'. Source: Leo Moser, The
Acadon System.]
- narm
- soft object -- an object that yields readily to pressure
[Shortened form of Hindi /naram/, influenced by Arabic /naim/.]
- nas
- nose, olfactory organ -- the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory
tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals
[From Indo-European *nas-, extant in Russian, Hindi, Latin, Spanish,
English, et al.]
- nasc
- birth -- the time when life begins
[From Latin 'nascens', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, Esperanto
and Novial) and English 'nascent'.]
- nat
- nature -- that which occurs spontaneously, the non-artificial world;
in compounds refers to something natural as opposed to something manmade
[Contraction of Latin 'natura', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian,
et al), Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- natin
- nation, country, state, political entity -- a politically organised
body of people under a single government
[From Old French 'nation' (from Latin 'natio'), extant in Russian,
Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al), Germanic (English, German, Dutch,
et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- nen
- nine -- the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one
[Indo-European *newn, extant in Hindi *naw, Romance (Latin, Spanish,
Italian, et al), Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries
(Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- ner
- black, blackness -- the quality or state of the achromatic color of
the least lightness
[From Italian 'nero', from Latin 'niger', extant in Romance (Spanish,
Portuguese, Esperanto, Novial, et al) and English 'Negro'.]
- nest
- nest, house, lair, den -- a dwelling place for humans or animals
[From English 'nest', with initial /n-/ in Spanish /nid/ and Hindi
/nir/. Close in initial sound to Russian /gnizdo/.]
- net
- net -- interconnected or intersecting configuration or system of components
[Backformation from English 'Internet', widely borrowed around the
world, with influence from Indo-European *ned-, "to tie, to bind", extant
in English 'net' and Latin 'nexus', 'nectare', et al.]
- nic
- worker, seller, professional -- a person associated with a particular
work or service
[From Russian /nik/, "one associated with or characterized by", borrowed
into English as '-nik' by way of Yiddish. ]
- nil
- blue -- the quality or state of the chromatic color resembling the
hue of the clear sky at daytime
[From Sanskrit /nila-/, "indigo, dark blue", extant in Arabic 'nil',
Bengali = 'niil', English 'anil', Hindi 'niilaa', Indonesian 'nila',
Malay 'nila', Papago 'anihl', Portuguese 'anil', Panjabi 'nilla', Persian
'nil', Spanish 'añil', Swahili 'nili', Tagalog 'anyil' and Urdu 'nil'.]
- nobil
- noble -- someone with hereditary rank in their nation's political
system
[From Latin 'nobilis', extant in Arabic, Romance (Spanish, Italian,
et al) and English.]
- nod
- base, node, station -- a connecting point at which paths of a system,
shape or network come together
[From Latin 'nodus', "knot".]
- nog
- limb -- one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion
or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper
[From Russian /noga/, as there was no correspondence between the
forms in the six cardinal languages (discounting using the English synonym
'member' to match Spanish 'miembro').]
- nomer
- number, numeral -- a symbol used to represent a number
[From Indo-European *nom-eso- (later *nom-ero-), extant in Russian
(the form used here), Romance (Latin, Spanish, Italian, et al), Germanic
(English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial,
et al).]
- nomin
- noun -- a word that functions as the subject or object of a verb,
as the object of a preposition or as an appositive
[From Latin 'nominalis', extant in English, et al.]
- nont
- negation -- the act or progress of nullifying or making something
inactive or invalid
[Blend of Latin 'non' & Germanic /n-t/. Latin 'non' is extant in
Spanish, Italian, French, Novial, et al., while Germanic /n-t/ is extant
in English 'not', German 'nicht', Dutch 'niet', et al.]
- nort
- north -- the direction to the left of sunrise
[From Indo-European *nr-t(r)o-, extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian),
Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- nun
- present, now -- any continuous stretch of time including the moment
of communication
[From Indo-European *nu-, "now", extant in Dutch 'nu', Esperanto/Novial
'nun', with initial /n-/ in English 'now'.]
- nupt
- marriage, matrimony, wedlock -- state of being husband and wife
[From Latin 'nuptiae', wedding, extant in English 'nuptials', et
al.]
- pacar
- hold -- the act or means of grasping something with the hands
[From Hindi /pakar/.]
- pant
- plant -- a vegetable life-form
[From Latin 'planta', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, etc.),
Germanic (English, German, Dutch), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial),
et al. (Note Hindi /vamspat/.]
- pap
- paper -- a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood,
rags or certain grasses
[From Greek 'papuros', extant in Latin, Spanish /papel-/, French,
Germanic (English, German, Dutch), et al.]
- part
- part -- something determined in relation to something that includes
it
[From Romance 'part' (from Latin 'pars'), extant in English, Romance
(Spanish, Italian) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- parv
- truth -- fact that has been verified
[From Russian 'pravda', "truth", widely borrowed as the name of the
official newspaper of the USSR.]
- pas
- past -- time that has elapsed
[From Spanish /pasado/ (cognates in Italian and Esperanto) and English
'past', with initial /p-/ in Russian /proshla/ and Hindi /purv/.]
- patuln
- pants, trousers -- a garment extending from the waist to the knee
or ankle, covering each leg separately
[From Hindi /patalun/, from French 'pantalon', attested in English
('pantaloon'), Italian, Esperanto and Novial.]
- ped
- foot -- the pedal extremity of the inferior limb in vertebrates
[From Indo-European *ped-, with initial /p-/ in Hindi /pamv/; *ped-
survives in English 'pedestrian', Germanic *fot- (English foot) and
Romance /p-d-/ (Spanish, Italian, Esperanto, Novial).]
- pel
- interval -- quantity of time between events X and Y
[From Hindi /pel/, "range".]
- pelm
- pome -- a fleshy fruit, such as an apple, a pear, or a quince, with
multiple seed chambers and an edible outer flesh; used in compounds
to refer to any fruit with an edible outer flesh
[Blend of Balto-Celtic-Germano-Slavic /apel/ form and Turkic /elma/
or /alma/, both meaning "apple". The /apel/ forms include Afrikaans
'appel', Bengali 'apel ', Breton 'aval', Cornish 'aval', Dutch 'appel',
English 'apple', Indonesian 'apel', Latvian 'a-bols', Malay 'epel',
Shona 'apuro', Thai 'aap-puhl', Tongan '`apele', Welsh 'afal', Yiddish
'epel' and Zulu '-apula'. The /alm/ forms include Azerbaijani 'alma',
Bashkir 'alma', Hungarian 'alma', Kazakh 'alma', Kyrgyz 'alma', Mongol
'alim', Turkish 'elma', Turkmen 'alma', Uighur(China) 'alma' and Uzbek
'olma'. Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System. Matches initial /p-/ in
Latin 'po:mum', "fruit", in English 'pome' and in Romance "apple" forms,
including Spanish 'poma', French & Esperanto & Ido 'pomo', and Novial
'pome'. Matches initial aspirated /p-/ in Mandarin 'ping2guo3' and Romany
'phabáy', "apple". The form 'palm' was ruled out due to the widespread
internationality of Latin 'palma' meaning "palm tree".]
- pen
- five -- the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one
[From Indo-European *penque (*penkwe), extant in Russian, Hindi,
Romance (from assimilated form *quenque/kwenkwe in Latin, Spanish, Italian,
English 'penta-', et al) and Germanic (from *pempe in English, German,
Dutch).]
- pens
- stylus -- a pointed tool for writing, drawing or engraving
[From English 'pencil', borrowed into Hindi.]
- per
- person, individual -- a human being
[From Latin 'persona', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al),
Germanic (English, German, et al) and Russian, with initial /p-/ in
Hindi /puruc/.]
- perm
- permanent object -- something existing for indefinite duration [scalar]
[From Latin 'permanens', "permanent", in English, Spanish, Italian,
Novial, et al.]
- pict
- picture, image -- a visual representation, of an object or scene or
person, produced on a surface
[From Latin 'pictura', extant in Spanish and English.]
- pig
- buttock, cheek -- either of the buttocks
[From Mandarin Chinese /pigu/.]
- pin
- plane -- an unbounded two-dimensional shape
[From Mandarin Chinese /pinmyan/ and Latin 'planus', extant in Romance
(Spanish, Italian), English and Novial.]
- pir
- feather -- the light horny structures forming the external covering
of birds
[From Russian /pir/, with initial /p-/ in Hindi /par/ and Latin 'pluma',
extant in Spanish, English, Esperanto and Novial.]
- pird
- object, thing -- something that is enduring in space-time
[From Russian /pridmyet/, with initial /p-/ in Hindi /padart/.]
- politic
- politics -- social relations involving strife, pettiness, image, authority
and power
[From Greek 'politikos', extant in Romance (Latin, Spanish, Italian,
French), Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- poln
- full container -- containing as much or as many as is possible or
normal
[From Russian /poln/ with initial /p-/ in Hindi /purn/.]
- polv
- dust -- fine powdery material such as dry earth or pollen that can
be blown into the air
[From Spanish /polv/, with cognates in Russian /pil/ and Latin 'pulvis'
(extant in Italian, Esperanto, Novial, English 'pulverize').]
- pors
- question, query -- an instance of interrogation
[From Persian /pors/, "ask", similar to Russian /vapros/, "question"
with initial /pr-/ in Hindi /prashn/, Spanish 'pregunta' and English
'probe'.]
- porv
- provision, supply -- something made available for use
[From Latin 'providere', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- pos
- position -- the way in which something is placed; when used of a human
or animal body, refers to posture and arrangement of body parts (sitting,
standing, lying down)
[From Latin 'positio', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English,
auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- post
- mail -- the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office
[From Vulgar Latin *posta, "station", extant in Russian, English,
German, Dutch, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- pub
- people group, public -- a body of people sharing some common interest
[Truncation of Dublex 'pubilc', "public".]
- pubilc
- public good, common good -- the good of a community
[From Latin 'publicus', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, French,
et al), borrowed in to Russian, Germanic (English, Dutch) and auxilaries
(Esperanto, Novial, et al.)]
- pus
- use, usage -- the application or employment of something for a purpose
("skilled in the use of a spear")
[Blend of Hindi /upiog/ (with initial /p-/ in Russian /primin/) and
Vulgar Latin /usare/, extant in English, Spanish, French, et al.]
- rad
- radio -- an electronic device that detects, demodulates, and amplifies
transmitted signals
[Truncation of 'radio', in origin an English or Italian term, now
extant in Arabic, Hindi, Russian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Esperanto,
Novial, et al.]
- ran
- injury, damage, harm -- change for the worse
[From Russian /ran/.]
- rast
- increase -- a process of becoming larger
[From Russian /rasti/, "grow".]
- raz
- time -- an instance or single occasion of some event, e.g. "do it
3 times"
[From Russian /raz/.]
- reg
- rule, regulation -- a principle or condition that customarily governs
behaviour
[From Late Latin 'regulare', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian,
et al), Germanic (English, German, Dutch, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial, et al).]
- rep
- repetition -- event that repeats [acts as a frequentative]
[From Latin 'repetare', "to seek again", extant in Spanish, English,
et al.]
- rept
- reptile, reptilian -- any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia
including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles
and extinct forms
[From Late Latin 'reptile', extant in English, Spanish, Italian,
Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- resp
- responsibility, liability, accountability -- the state of being legally
obliged and responsible
[From Spanish 'responsabilidad', Italian 'responsabilita' and English
'responsibility', with cognates in Esperanto and Novial.]
- rest
- remainder, remnant -- that which is left over
[From Latin 'restare', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic
(English, German, Dutch), Esperanto, et al.]
- rezon
- reason, explanation, justification, rationale -- a rational motive
for a belief or action
[From Old French 'raison', extant in Russian, Spanish, English, Novial.]
- ris
- rice -- annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses; seed used for
food, straw used for paper
[From Old Italian 'riso', extant in Russian /ris/, English /ris/,
German 'Reis', Dutch 'rijst', Esperanto 'rizo' and Novial 'rise'. The
Old Italian form is from Latin 'oryza', extant in Spanish 'arroz'.]
- risp
- reciprocity -- relation of mutual dependence or action or influence
[From Latin 'reciprocus', extant in Spanish and English, with sound
influenced by Hindi /apsi/.]
- rival
- competition -- the act of striving with others to attain a goal
[From Latin 'rivalis', "a rival, one using the same stream as another,"
(from 'rivus', "stream", whence English 'rivulet' but not 'river'),
with initial /r-v- in Russian /revn/.]
- roc
- rock, stone -- lump of hard consolidated mineral matter
[From Vulgar Latin *rocca, extant in English & Spanish /rok/.]
- ruch
- rough object -- something with a relatively irregular surface [scalar]
[From Hindi /ruksh/, with initial /r-/ in English, German, Dutch,
Italian and Novial word forms.]
- run
- red -- the quality or state of the chromatic color resembling the
hue of blood
[From Hindi /arun/, with initial /r-/ in English 'red' & 'rouge',
Spanish 'rojo', German 'rot', Dutch 'rood', Italian 'rosso', Esperanto
'rug^a', Novial 'red', et al.]
- sac
- sack -- a large bag (typically of strong, coarse material) for holding
objects in bulk
[From Greek 'sakkos' (from Phoenician), extant in Russian, Germanic
(German, English, Dutch, et al), Latin, Greek, Welsh, Polish, Albanian,
et al, and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- sadits
- sitting position -- the body position at rest with the torso vertical
and the body supported on the buttocks
[Blend of Russian /sad/ and English /sits/, strengthened by /s-t-/
in Spanish 'sentada' andGerman 'sitzen' and by /s-d/ in Esperanto 'sidi'
and Novial 'sida'.]
- safar
- journey, trip, traveling -- going from one place to another, typically
for pleasure
[From Arabic /safari/, extant in English 'safari'.]
- safid
- copulation -- sexual intercourse or coitus
[From Arabic /safid/ and Russian /savakupl/.]
- sah
- favorableness -- the quality of being encouraging or promising of
a successful outcome
[From Hindi /sahayak/, with initial /s-/ in Arabic /sabih/.]
- sahab
- companion, associate -- something accompanying something else [as
a pronoun, translates "with", "accompanied by"]
[From Arabic /sahab/, "with". Initial /sa-/ in Hindi /sat/ and Russian
/sapravajd/ (both meaning "with" in the sense of "accompanied by").
And note Sanskrit postposition /saha/ and /-s-h-/ in English 'associate'
/asohiet/.]
- sal
- salt -- a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal
[From Indo-European *sal-, extant in Russian, Romance (Latin, Spanish,
Italian), Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto,
Novial). ]
- sald
- vegetable -- edible seeds or roots or stems or leaves or bulbs or
tubers of any of numerous herbaceous plant, or any plant cultivated
for such edible parts
[Shift in meaning from Romance /salada/, "salad, dish of vegetables",
as this is much more international than any root for vegetable, being
extant in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Hindi, English, Spanish, German,
Dutch, Italian, French, Novial and Esperanto.]
- salf
- old object -- something that has existed for a relatively long time
[scalar]
[From Arabic /salaf/, "old".]
- sanj
- bread -- food made from dough of flour or meal, usu. raised with yeast
or baking powder and baked
[Since there is no common international form for "bread", a derivation
from the international form for "sandwich" was used instead. Ultimately
named after John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), British
politician, and borrowed into Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, German, Dutch,
Esperanto and Novial.]
- sart
- side, flank, lateral area -- a subarea consisting of a side of something
[From Russian /starana/, with initial /s-/ in Hindi /satah/, English
'side', German 'Seite'.]
- sat
- satisfaction -- the contentment felt when something is done right
[From Latin 'satisfactio', extant in English, Spanish, Italian, Novial,
et al.]
- seb
- self -- himself, herself, myself, yourself, itself, themselves
[From Russian /seb/, from Indo-European form *sel-bho-, also extant
in Hindi /svaiam/, Spanish /si/, English /self/, et al.]
- secop
- watcher -- a close observer
[Backformation from Dublex 'telsecop' and 'micorsecop'.]
- sem
- seven -- the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one
[From Indo-European *septm, extant in Arabic, Russian, Hindi, Spanish,
Latin, Greek, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- senor
- Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss -- general term of polite address, regardless
of gender or marital status
[Spanish 'sen~or'.]
- sens
- sense -- the faculty through which the external world is apprehended
[From Latin 'sensus', extant in Spanish, Italian, English, Esperanto,
Novial, with initial /s-/ in Hindi and German forms.]
- sent
- emotion, feeling -- the psychological feature of experiencing intense
mental states, often accompanied by physiological reactions
[From Indo-European *sent-yo-, extant in English ('sentiment', 'sense',
et al) and in Latin 'sentire', which itself is extant in Spanish, Italian,
Esperanto, Novial, et al. Initial /s-/ in Hindi /sparsh/.]
- ser
- series, sequence -- any number of objects or events aggregated together
in a structured fashion and placed or happening in a particular order
one after the other
[From Latin 'series', extant in Germanic (English, Dutch, et al),
Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).
Initial /s-/ in Hindi /silsil/.]
- serc
- secret -- something hidden from others
[From Latin 'secretus', extant in Russian, English, Spanish, Italian,
French, Esperanto, Novial.]
- ses
- female -- a person or animal that belongs to the sex that has babies
[From Russian /sistra/, "sister", and Romance /-esse/ (English -ess),
with intial /s-/ occuring in words meaning "sister" in Mandarin Chinese
and Hindi.]
- set
- set -- any number of objects or events aggregated together in a structured
but nonserial fashion
[From 'set', extant in Hindi, English and Spanish.]
- sezon
- season -- a multi-month period of time, esp. one of the natural periods
into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or by
atmospheric conditions
[From Old French 'seison', extant in Russian /sizon/ and English
'season'.]
- sic
- search -- the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something
or someone
[From English 'seek' /sik/, strengthened by Russian /isk/, with initial
/s-/ in Mandarin Chinese /seu/ and in German, Esperanto and Novial forms.]
- sih
- health, the state of well-being
[From Arabic /siha/, with initial /s-/ in Spanish /salud/.]
- silc
- silk -- a fabric from the fine threads produced by certain insect
larvae
[From common /silk/ form, ultimately from the Mandarin Chinese /si/
and extant in Basque 'ziriko', Bengali 'silk', Danish 'silke', English
'silk', Esperanto 'silko', Finnish 'silkki', Hausa 'siliki', Hindi '/silk/',
Hungarian 'selyem', Icelandic 'silki', Lithuanian 's^ilkas', Mandarin
Chinese '/si/', Norwegian 'silke', Novial 'silke', Russian 'sholk',
Sepedi 'silika', Swati 'silig.a', Swazi 'siliga', Swedish 'silke', Tamil
'silki', Tongan 'silika', Ukrainian 'shovk', Yoruba 'si'lii`'k1`' and
Zulu 'usilika'. Initial /s-/ Spanish, Italian, German and Dutch forms.
Source: Leo Moser, The Acadon System.]
- sint
- science -- any domain of knowledge accumulated by systematic study
and organised by general principles
[From Latin 'scientia', extant in Spanish, English, et al.]
- sir
- zero -- a mathematical element that when added to another number yields
the same number
[From Arabic /sifr/, extant in Spanish 'cero', Italian 'zero', English
'zero', Novial 'sero'.]
- sirc
- circle -- a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant
distance from a fixed point
[From Latin 'circulus', extant in English 'circle', Spanish 'circulo'
and with cognates in Dutch, Italian, Esperanto, Novial, itself ultimately
from Greek 'kirkos', extant in Russian /krukl/.]
- sis
- six -- the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one
[From Indo-European *s(w)eks, in Arabic, Russian, Germanic (English,
German, Dutch, et al), Romance (Spanish, Italian) & auxilaries (Esperanto,
Novial).]
- sisp
- insect -- small air-breathing arthropod of the class Insecta, with
adult stage having three pairs of legs
[Truncation of Dublex 'sisped', "six feet".]
- sist
- system -- a group of interrelated but independent elements comprising
a unified whole
[From Latin 'systema', extant in Russian, Spanish, English, et al.]
- sol
- Sun -- the star that the Earth revolves around
[From Latin 'sol' (and Spanish and Italian descendents), itself descended
from Indo-European *sawel-, extant in Russian, Hindi, Germanic (English,
German, Dutch) and auxilaries (Esperanto, Novial). Mnemonic: solar.]
- som
- sleep -- a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness
of the world is suspended
[From Latin /somnus/, extant in Spanish and in English 'somnolent',
'insomnia'. With initial /s-/ strengthened by Hindi /so/, Russian /spat/,
Germanc 'schlafen' and Dutch 'slapen'.]
- subect
- subject -- some situation, topic or event that is thought about
[From Latin 'subiectus', extant in English, Acadon, et al.]
- suc
- happiness -- state of well-being characterised by emotions ranging
from contentment to intense joy
[From Hindi /suki/, with initial /s-/ in Arabic /said/ and Russian
/sshasfliv/.]
- sucar
- sugar -- a white crystalline carbohydrate, C12H22O11, used as a sweetener
and preservative
[From Arabic 'sukar', from Sanskrit /sharkara/, extant in Russian,
Hindi, Romance (Spanish, Italian, French, et al), Germanic (English,
German, Dutch, et al), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- sud
- suddenness, abruptness -- the act of happening without warning or
in a short space or time
[From English 'sudden', with initial /s-/ in Hindi /sahsa/ and Mandarin
Chinese /su-/.]
- suh
- meaning -- the message intended or expressed
[From Hindi /sushit/, with initial /s-/ in Latin 'signum', extant
in Spanish, English, et al.]
- sulal
- offspring -- immediate descendant(s)
[From Arabic /sulala/.]
- sum
- total, sum, aggregate -- a quantity obtained by division
[From Latin 'summa', extant in Russian, Hindi, Spanish, Italian,
English, Esperanto and Novial.]
- sup
- readiness -- state of being ready or prepared for use in action
[Contraction of Dublex 'sudpus', "sudden use".]
- super
- superlative -- something of the highest level of excellence
[From Latin 'super-', "over", {augmentative}, extant in English and
the Romance languages.]
- supt
- step -- any manoeuver made as part of progress toward a goal
[From Russian /stup/ and English /step/.]
- sur
- something above -- something at a position overhead
[From Old French 'sur-' (from Latin 'super-'), extant in English
(e.g., 'surcoat').]
- surc
- safety, security -- state of being free from danger or injury
[From Hindi /surkshit/, from Latin 'securitas', extant in Spanish
and English.]
- sust
- substitute -- something that takes the place of another temporarily
[From Spanish 'sustitución', with cognates in English, et al.]
- sut
- thread, filament -- something shaped like a long thin line, with its
width almost insignificant compared to its length
[From Sanskrit 'sutram', "thread", and Latin 'sutus', past participle
of 'suere', "to sew" (extant in English 'suture'), all ultimately from
Indo-European *syu-, "to bind, to sew". (Inspired by Acadon 'sutra'.)]
- suvin
- pig, hog, Sus scrofa -- domestic swine
[From Indo-European *sue-ino-, extant in English 'swine', Russian
'svin', Hindi 'swar', German 'Schwein', et al.]
- tabac
- tobacco -- leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking
or ingestion
[From Spanish 'tabaco', extant in Arabic, Russian, Hindi, English,
Italian, German, Dutch, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- tabul
- board -- a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose
[From Latin 'tabula', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English
'table' and Esperanto. With initial /t-/ in Hindi /takt/.]
- tact
- touch -- the physiological sense by which external objects or forces
are perceived through contact with the body
[From Latin 'tactus', extant in English ('tactile') and Spanish.]
- tajar
- exchange, trade -- reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of goods
or money
[From Hindi /tijarat/ and Arabic /tajar/, with initial /t-/ in German
and English forms.]
- tam
- expensive object -- something requiring a relatively high amount of
money to purchase [scalar]
[Blend of Arabic /taman/ and Hindi /dam/, with intial /t-/ in Russian
/tsina/.]
- tamat
- tomato -- mildly acid red or yellow pulpy, edible fruit of Lycopersicon
esculentum
[From Nahuatl 'tomatl', borrowed by way of Spanish into Arabic, Russian,
Hindi, French, Germanic (English, Dutch, German, et al) and auxiliaries
(Esperanto, Novial).]
- tar
- star -- a multi-pointed stylistic representation of a star (celestial
body) (typically five points, but can be any number)
[From Hindi /tar/, matching last part of English /star/.]
- tard
- something late/tardy - something not adhering to a correct, usual
or expected time
[From Vulgar Latin 'tardivus', extant in English, Spanish, Italian
and Novial.]
- tarn
- change, transformation -- a qualitative alteration ["become" - v.]
[From Latin 'trans-', extant in English, et al. (Normally would have
taken the form *tans, but that is used for the plural of 'tan'.)]
- tat
- taut -- pulled or drawn tight [aj]
[From English 'taut' /tat/, with initial /t-/ in Spanish /tirant/,
Arabic /tawatur/ and Russian /tya/.]
- tel
- far object -- something with a relatively large gap between itself
and a reference point [scalar]
[Backformation from 'tel', itself a backformation from Dublex 'telfon',
'telvis' and 'telsecop'.]
- temp
- time -- the continuum of experience in which events pass from the
future through the present to the past, or -- when used in a compound
-- a period or event on this continuum
[Latin 'tempus', extant in English ('temporal'), Romance (Spanish,
Italian, et al) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial, et al).]
- tend
- tendency, propensity -- an inclination to do something
[From Latin 'tendere', extant in English.]
- ter
- three -- a cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one
or a numeral representing such a number
[From Indo-European /trie/, extant in Russian, Romance (Spanish,
Italian, et al), Germanic (/dr-/ in German, Dutch; /thr-/ in English),
auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial), with /t-/ in Arabic /tlate/ and Hindi
/tin/.]
- term
- hot object -- something with relatively greater molecular activity
[scalar]
[Form Greek 'therme', "hot", extant in English and many languages,
with /t-m/ in Latin 'temperatura', extant in Romance (Spanish and Italian),
Germanic (English, German, Dutch) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- teror
- fear -- an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain
or danger
[From Latin 'terror', extant in Spanish, English, Italian, et al.]
- tiger
- tiger, Panthera tigris -- large feline of forests in most of Asia
having a tawny coat with black stripes
[From Greek 'tigris', extant in Latin, Russian, English, Spanish,
Italian, German, Dutch, et al.]
- tigun
- offer -- something presented for acceptance or rejection
[From Mandarin Chinese /tigun/.]
- tint
- ink -- a liquid used for printing, writing or drawing
[From Latin 'tinctus', extant in Spanish, German, English, et al.]
- tol
- heavy object -- something with relatively high weight [scalar]
[From Hindi /tol/, with initial /t-/ in Arabic /takil/ and Russian
/tyajyol/.]
- tols
- thick object -- something with a relatively great thickness (dimension
through an object as opposed to width or length) [scalar]
[From Russian /tolst/.]
- tom
- atom -- smallest unit of an element, consisting of a dense positively
charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons
[Truncation of Greek 'atomos', "atom", extant in Latin, Russian,
Spanish, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto, Novial, et al.]
- ton
- much -- a great amount or extent {augmentative}
[From Romance augmentative -on-, extant in English 'canton', 'carton',
'fronton', 'panettone', 'spontoon', 'teston', et al.]
- top
- top -- the uppermost part, point, surface or end
[From English /top/, with initial /t-/ in Spanish /tesh/.]
- tub
- tube -- a long hollow object used to hold and conduct liquids or gases
[From Latin 'tubus', extant in Spanish, English, Russian, et al.]
- tufan
- storm -- a violent weather condition with high winds and precipitation
and thunder and lightening
[From Arabic /tufan/, from a Greek form adopted in to Hindi, English,
Mandarin Chinese, et al]
- val
- worthiness -- having merit, use or value [suffix -worthy]
[From Latin 'valere', "worth", extant in Spanish and English in the
form /valu/.]
- vam
- plant organ -- a differentiated part of a plant that performs a specific
function
[From Hindi /vamspat/, "plant".]
- van
- one -- the smallest natural number or a numeral representing such
a number
[From English /wun/ and Arabic /wahid/.]
- vas
- container -- something that holds things, esp. for transport or storage
[Latin 'vas', "vessel", extant in Spanish, English, et al, with initial
/va-/ in Dutch 'vat'.]
- vat
- water -- a clear colorless odourless tasteless liquid, H20, essential
for life
[From Germanic *watar, extant in English & Dutch 'water' and German
'waser', with initial /v-/ in Russian /vada/.]
- vav
- removal, subtraction -- the act of removing a part of the whole
[From Hindi /vyavakaln/, with initial /v-/ in Russian /vishit/.]
- veb
- World Wide Web -- collection of Internet sites that offer text, graphics,
sound and animation resources through hypertext transfer protocol
[From English 'web' in 'World Wide Web', widely borrowed into other
languages.]
- vel
- fast object -- something travelling a relatively great distance per
unit of time [scalar]
[From Latin 'velocitas', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English
and Esperanto.]
- vend
- sale -- the general activity of selling
[From Latin 'vendere', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English
'vending', auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).]
- vent
- wind -- air moving sometimes with considerable force from an area
of high pressure to an area of low pressure
[From Latin 'ventus', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), English,
Esperanto and Novial, with /vet-/ in Hindi /veter/, with /v-n-/ strengthened
by Germanic /wind/ in English, German and Dutch.]
- verb
- verb -- the part of speech typically expressing existance, action
or occurrence and relating the subject of the sentence to any objects
[From Latin 'verbum', extant in English, et al.]
- vert
- vertical -- something, such as a line, a plane or an object, that
is perpendicular to the plane of the horizon
[Late Latin 'verticalis', extant in English, Italian, Dutch, Esperanto,
Novial.]
- vic
- vehicle -- a conveyance that transports people or objects
[Contraction of Latin 'vehiculum', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian),
English and Novial, with initial /v-/ in Dutch form.]
- vid
- glass -- a brittle supercooled liquid that is transparent or translucent
[From Spanish 'vidrio' from Latin 'vitrum', whence English 'vitrify',
"to make into glass".]
- vih
- excess -- something beyond a limit or beyond what is necessary or
appropriate
[From Russian /vish/.]
- vis
- sight, vision -- the ability to see
[Backformation from Dublex 'telvis', "television", since "television"
(with 'vis') occurs in more languages than any root for "vision".]
- voc
- word -- a unit of language that native speakers can identify
[From Latin 'vocalis' (itself from Indo-European *wequ- (*wekw-),
extant in Hindi /vacan/), in English ('vocabulary', 'vocal'), with /v-/
strengthened by Esperanto and Novial /vort-/ and by Germanic /w-/ in
German 'Wort' and Dutch 'woord'.]
- voct
- eight -- the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one
[From Russian /voseme/ and Indo-European *okto(u), extant in English
'eight', 'octave', 'octogenarian', 'octopus', et al, extant in Greek
and Latin /okto/, in Spanish, Hindi, German, Dutch, Italian, Esperanto
and Novial.]
- vod
- body of water -- part of the earth's surface covered with water
[From Russian /voda/, with /w-/ in English & Dutch 'water' and German
'Wasser'.]
- volm
- loud object -- something that emits a relatively high amplitude sound
[From Spanish and English /volum/.]
- vols
- hair -- any of the cylindrical keratinized and often pigmented filaments
characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal and covering
the body or parts of it
[From Russian /volas/.]
- volt
- electricity -- a form of energy associated with moving electrons and
protons
[From 'volt', "unit of electric potential and electromotive force",
borrowed into many languages through its use in the International System.
Named after Count Alessandro Volta, 1745-1827, the Italian physicist
who invented the first electric battery (1800).]
- vosp
- arachnid -- arthropods of the class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions,
mites, and ticks, characterized by four pairs of segmented legs
[Truncation of obsolete Dublex 'vosped', "eight feet".]
- vov
- egg -- animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together
with nutritive and protective envelopes; esp. the thin-shelled reproductive
body laid by e.g. female birds
[From Latin 'ovum' (English 'ovum', Italian 'uovo'). Mnemonic: visualize
the word as a picture of an egg nestled in a nest: vov.]
- vuh
- weapon -- instrument used in fighting or hunting
[From Mandarin Chinese /wushi/, with initial /v-/ from English 'weapon'.]
- zad
- deficit, shortfall, insufficiency -- a smaller quality or number or
degree or amount than expected or appropriate
[Backformation from Dublex 'ziad' (opposite of 'zad'), itself from
Arabic /aziad/ and Hindi /ziad/. ]
- zard
- risk -- something involving hazard or uncertain danger
[From English 'hazard', from Middle English 'hasard', "dice game",
from Old French, from Old Spanish 'azar', from Arabic 'az-zahr', "gaming
die".]]
- zup
- off -- a position that is no longer on, attached or connected to something
else
[Backformation from Dublex 'ziup', "at, on", a blend of /zia/ from
Chinese /zai/ with /up/ from Hindi /upastit/ and English /upon/.]
This work is placed in the public domain by Jeffrey Henning. However,
Dublex is a trademark of LangMaker.com, used to describe the Dublex game
and Dublex software.
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