Background
John Carter was the first human in history to visit Mars. His travels
and those of his compatriots have been recorded in Edgar Rice Burrough's
11 volumes about Barsoom, as the natives call the Red Planet. These books
include:
- A Princess Of Mars
- The Gods Of Mars
- The Warlord Of Mars
- Thuvia, Maid Of Mars
- The Chessmen Of Mars
- The Mastermind Of Mars
- Fighting Man Of Mars
- Swords Of Mars
- Synthetic Men Of Mars
- Llana Of Gathol
- John Carter Of Mars
The following descriptions of the Barsoomian language were recorded by
Captain John Carter in A Princess Of Mars:
"This power [telepathy] is wonderfully developed in all Martians,
and accounts largely for the simplicity of their language and the relatively
few spoken words exchanged even in long conversations. It is the universal
language of Mars, through the medium of which the higher and lower animals
of this world of paradoxes are able to communicate to a greater or less
extent, depending upon the intellectual sphere of the species and the
development of the individual."
"The Martian language, as I have said, is extremely simple, and
in a week I could make all my wants known and understand nearly everything
that was said to me. Likewise, under Sola's tutelage, I developed my
telepathic powers so that I shortly could sense practically everything
that went on around me."
"'In the name of my first ancestor, then,' she continued, 'where
may you be from? You are like unto my people, and yet so unlike. You
speak my language, and yet I heard you tell Tars Tarkas that you had
but learned it recently. All Barsoomians speak the same tongue from
the ice-clad south to the ice-clad north, though their written languages
differ. Only in the valley Dor, where the river Iss empties into the
lost sea of Korus, is there supposed to be a different language spoken,
and, except in the legends of our ancestors, there is no record of a
Barsoomian returning up the river Iss.'"
These excerpts, excepting a few others that repeat information shown
in these, are all the direct comments we have concerning the nature of
Barsoomian. Captain Carter's failure to explore these matters in more
depth indicates his lack of linguistic background; he did not realize
how unusual Barsoomian was compared to Earth languages. Barsoomian differs
in the following main ways:
- The language is closely tied to telepathy. Words can either be telepathically
projected or spoken, with the majority of words apparently projected
(Carter writes "relatively few spoken words [are] exchanged even
in long conversations").
- The language has a strong biological basis (no doubt tied to the telepathic
capability), being known across species and races of men. Where on Earth
homo sapiens is the only species to develop linguistic capabilities,
Barsoomians apparently first developed a language long ago in a primal
species; this capability has then evolved while maintaining compability
across species. (Little is known about the language of Dor.)
- The language changes slowly. Given that the different races are separated
by vast distances and had in many cases become isolated from one another,
yet still speak the same language, it is clear that some influence -
probably biological - keeps the language from changing at the same pace
as the languages of Earth humans. One factor in this conservatism has
to be the long lifespans of the races of Martian men, who can live up
to a thousand years if not killed in battle. If Earthly humans lived
on average a thousand years (compared to the average of 20 years at
the time of Christ), Terran languages might have changed 50 times
slower than they did (1000 divided by 20 = 50).
- The Barsoomian language can be learned very quickly. While this was
no doubt exaggerated for convenience of the narrative, the grammar and
vocabulary must be significantly more regular than most Earth languages.
Phonology And Orthography
Because the only field notes we have for Barsoomian came from a soldier
who was untrained in linguistics, we do not have an accurate understanding
of how Barsoomian is pronounced. To further complicate things, John Carter's
manuscript used hieroglyphics to represent Barsoomian words; Edgar Rice
Burroughs, who prepared John Carter's manuscripts for publication, then
spelled these words as he heard John Carter pronounce them. For instance,
in a footnote discussed the use of the word radium in A Princess
Of Mars, Burroughs writes, "In Captain Carter's manuscript it
[radium] is mentioned always by the name used in the written language
of Helium and is spelled in hieroglyphics, which it would be difficult
and useless to reproduce."
Burroughs transcribed all words as if they were English words; thus zode,
for instance, is probably pronounced with a silent 'e' (to rhyme with
lode), but we cannot be sure.
Burroughs used the following vowel symbols: A, AI, E, EE, I, O, OO, U.
He used the following consonant symbols and digraphs: B, C, D, DJ, DW,
F, G, K, L, LL, M, N, NG, PT, QU, R, S, SK, ST, SS, T, TH, TZ, V, X. Two
digraphs are used only in dialects - LL is used only in Okarian, while
SS is used only in the valley Dor.
The exact sounds of all of these symbols are currently unknown. For instance,
without further field study, we cannot know whether 'th' was voiced or
unvoiced, whether 'dj' was pronounced [dy] or [dzh].
The following consonant clusters may be treated as single consonants
in the morphology: DJ, DW, PT, QU, SK and ST. This is still being investigated.
We do not know why John Carter chose to use the letter 'c' instead of
'k'; perhaps this was colored by the knowledge of one of the Barsoomian
writing systems. Barsoomian races had many different methods of writing,
ranging from pictographs to ideographs and perhaps even to consonantal
alphabets. More likely, this was simply an arbitrary decision of John
Carter's part. Our analysis of the vocabulary shows no instances where
Carter's use of 'c' or 'k' distinguishes two words (e.g., there is no
word kalot as distinct from calot). Therefore, we feel that
'c' and 'k' both represent the same underlying sound /k/. (The only words
using 'c' are calot and three proper nouns: Bar Comas, Carthoris
and Sarkoja.)
Phonotactics
Phonotactics is the sequential arrangements of phonemes that are possible
in a language. The Barsoomian system of phonotactics is still under study.
Grammar
Little is known about Barsoomian grammar, though it must have been a
comparatively simple grammar for John Carter to have been able to learn
it so quickly. The following are all hypotheses about the grammar:
- Barsoomian lacks number distinctions, articles and noun declensions.
- Barsoomian does not conjugate verbs or mark them for tense. For instance,
_sak_ is translated both as "jump!" (imperative) and "to
jump" (infinitive).
- Sentences follow the SVO order - Subject, Verb, Object.
- Questions have the same sentence form as statements, but end in a
question word, such as "who", "what", "when",
"why", or "maybe". The sentence "When will
we enjoy the death throes of the red one? or does Lorquas Ptomel, Jed,
intend holding her for ransom?" would have a literal translation
of "We has joy of death pains of red woman when? or Lorquas Ptomel,
Jed, put her up for ransom, maybe?"
- The language has a second person pronoun contrast between formal and
familiar (translated by Carter as "thee" or "thou").
It is assumed it had pronouns for first, second and third person. If
most words are unmarked for part of speech, the language may have had
no special forms for possessive pronouns.
Word Sets
This section looks at word sets such as proper names, numbers and military
terms.
Proper Names
Naming practices differ significantly from culture to culture on Barsoom.
In many culture's, a father's name is often incorporated into the name
of his son, either as the first or second element:
- Mors Kajak, son of Tardos Mors (of Helium)
- Djor Kantos, son of Kantos Kan (of Helium)
- Sab Than, son of Than Khosis (of Zodanga)
- Hal Vas, son of Vas Kor (of Dusar)
Among the green men, once a green Martian kills his first warrior, he
takes that warrior's second name as his own. John Carter, when he lived
among the green men, earned the name Dotar Sojat by slaying two warriors.
Numerals
"Another subject of interest is that of Barsoomian numbers. Little
information is available, our main source being those hormads created
by Ras Thavas, who were identified by number (in Synthetic Men of
Mars). This has helped in drawing up a table, but unfortunately
only five hormads are so designated: Tor-dur-bar = four million
eight (SMM/4), Teeaytan-ov = eleven hundred seven (SMM/4), Ay-mad
= one man (SMM/11), Il-dur-en = ? million ? (SMM/11), Dur-dan
= million ? (SMM/15).
"Even here we have three unknowns: il, en and dan.
Assuming they are primary numbers, they could be any of the primary
numbers two, three, five, six and nine."
- Roy, John Flint. A Guide To Barsoom, pp. 122-124. 1976. New
York: Del Rey.
The following table is an expansion of Roy's table, with unattested forms
marked and with more hypothetical forms proposed.
Number |
Barsoomian |
Source |
1 |
ay |
ay-mad, "one man" (SMM/chapter 11) |
4 |
tor |
tor-dur-bar, "four million eight" (SMM/4) |
7 |
ov |
teeaytan-ov, "eleven hundred seven"
(SMM/4) |
8 |
bar |
tor-dur-bar, "four million eight" (SMM/4) |
10 |
tee |
teepi, "ten money-units" (LG/2-11) |
11 |
teeay |
teeaytan-ov, "eleven hundred seven"
(SMM/4) |
14 |
*teetor |
[assumed on analogy with teeay] |
17 |
*teeov |
[assumed on analogy with teeay] |
18 |
*teebar |
[assumed on analogy with teeay] |
40 |
*tortee |
[assumed] |
70 |
*ovtee |
[assumed] |
80 |
*bartee |
[assumed] |
100 |
tan |
tanpi, "100 money-units" (LG/2-11) |
400 |
*tortan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
700 |
*ovtan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
800 |
*bartan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
1,000 |
*dar |
dar, "a military unit with 1,000 men" |
1,000 |
*teetan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
1,100 |
teeaytan |
teeaytan-ov, "eleven hundred seven"
(SMM/4) |
1,400 |
*teetortan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
1,700 |
*teeovtan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
1,800 |
*teebartan |
[assumed on analogy with teeaytan] |
10,000 |
*mak |
back-formation from umak, "a military unit
with 10,000 men", on analogy with utan, "a military
unit with 100 men" |
1,000,000 |
dur |
tor-dur-bar, "four million eight" (SMM/4) |
Military Titles & Units
The military titles are all attested, but most of the names of military
units are conjecture. But if we assume that *u- [< utan
and umak] is a prefix meaning "military unit" joined
to a number word (tan and mak are both attested), we can
interpolate *utee and *udur (where dur is "million",
used figuratively). The term dar is assumed to have the following
etymology: < *udar < *u- and dar, "ten
thousand". The *ujed and *ujeddak terms are pure conjecture.
Title |
Unit |
Size of Unit |
padwar |
*utee |
10 soldiers |
dwar |
utan |
100 soldiers |
teedwar |
dar |
1,000 soldiers |
odwar |
umak |
10,000 soldiers |
jedwar |
*udur |
army |
jed |
*ujed |
armies of country or principality |
jeddak |
*ujeddak |
armies of empire |
*unattested
Lexicon
The following lexicon has been adapted from the glossary at the end of
Thuvia, Maid Of Mars. We are working on adding additional entries,
and will also be providing the etymologies of words, where we can determine
them. Unfortunately for those trying to translate texts, most of the lexicon
consists of proper nouns.
The lexicon lists the Barsoomian term, an educated guess of its division
into syllables, its meaning, and the book it was first mentioned in, using
the following abbreviations:
- A Princess Of Mars (APOM)
- The Gods Of Mars (TGOM)
- The Warlord Of Mars (TWOM)
- Thuvia, Maid Of Mars (TMOM)
The lexicon is currently only up to the first four books of the series
and will be expanded.
Lexical Entries
- Aaanthor - AA AN THOR
- A dead city of ancient Mars. - TMOMg
- Aisle of Hope
- An aisle leading to the court-room in Helium. - TMOMg
- apt - APT
- An Arctic monster. A huge, white-furred creature with six limbs, four
of which, short and heavy, carry it over the snow and ice; the other
two, which grow forward from its shoulders on either side of its long,
powerful neck, terminate in white, hairless hands with which it seizes
and holds its prey. Its head and mouth are similar in appearance to
those of a hippopotamus, except that from the sides of the lower jawbone
two mighty horns curve slightly downward toward the front. Its two huge
eyes extend in two vast oval patches from the center of the top of the
cranium down either side of the head to below the roots of the horns,
so that these weapons really grow out from the lower part of the eyes,
which are composed of several thousand ocelli each. Each ocellus is
furnished with its own lid, and the apt can, at will, close as many
of the facets of his huge eyes as he chooses. - TMOM
- Astok - AS TOK
- Prince of Dusar. - TMOMg
- Avenue of Ancestors
- A street in Helium. - TMOMg
- banth - BANTH
- Barsoomian lion. A fierce beast of prey that roams the low hills surrounding
the dead seas of ancient Mars. It is almost hairless, having only a
great, bristly mane about its thick neck. Its long, lithe body is supported
by ten powerful legs, its enormous jaws are equipped with several rows
of long needle-like fangs, and its mouth reaches to a point far back
of its tiny ears. It has enormous protruding eyes of green. - TGOM
- Bar Comas - BAR KOM AS
- Jeddak of Warhoon. - APOM
- Barsoom - BAR SOOM
- Mars - APOM
- Black pirates of Barsoom
- Men six feet and over in height. Have clear-cut and handsome features;
their eyes are well set and large, though a slight narrowness lends
them a crafty appearance. The iris is extremely black while the eyeball
itself is quite white and clear. Their skin has the appearance of polished
ebony. - TMOMg
- calot - KA LOT
- A dog. About the size of a Shetland pony and has ten short legs. The
head bears a slight resemblance to that of a frog, except that the jaws
are equipped with three rows of long, sharp tusks. Also used as an insult.
- APOM
- Carter, John
- Warlord of Mars. - TMOMg
- Carthoris of Helium - KAR THOR IS
- Son of John Carter and Dejah Thoris, his name a combination of theirs.
- TGOM
- Dak Kova - DAK KOV A
- Jed among the Warhoons (later jeddak). - APOM
- darseen - DAR SEEN
- A chameleon-like reptile, that can change its color. - APOM
- dator - DA TOR
- Tile for chief or prince of the First Born. - TGOM
- Dejah Thoris - DE JAH THOR IS
- Princess of Helium, daughter of Mors Kajak of Helium. - APOM
- Djor Kantos - DJOR KAN TOS
- Son of Kantos Kan; padwar of the Fifth Utan. - TGOM
- Dor - DOR
- Valley of Heaven, river valley of Iss. - APOM
- Dotar Sojat - DO TAR SO JAT
- John Carter's Martian name, from the surnames of the first two warrior
chieftains he killed. - APOM
- Dusar - DU SAR
- A Martian kingdom. - TMOMg
- dwar - DWAR
- A captain, leader of a utan. - TGOM
- ersite
- A kind of stone. - TMOMg
- Father of Therns
- High Priest of religious cult. - TMOMg
- First Born
- Black race; black pirates. - TMOMg
- Gate of Jeddaks
- A gate in Helium. - TMOMg
- Gozava - GO ZA VA
- Tars Tarkas' dead wife. - APOM
- Gur Tus - GUR TUS
- Dwar of the tenth utan. - TGOM
- haad - HAAD
- Martian mile. - TMOMg
- Hal Vas - HAL VAS
- Son of Vas Kor the Dusarian noble. - TMOMg
- Hastor - HAS TOR
- A city of Helium. - TGOM
- Hekkador - HEK KA DOR
- Holy Hekkador, title of Father of Therns (Matai Shang). - TGOM
- Helium - HE LI UM
- The empire of the grandfather of Dejah Thoris. A leading nation of
red men. - TMOMg
- Holy Therns
- See thern. - TGOM
- Hor Vastus - HOR VAS TUS
- Padwar in the navy of Helium. - TMOMg
- Hortan Gur - HOR TAN GUR
- Jeddak of Torquas. - TMOMg
- Horz - HORZ
- Deserted city; Barsoomian Greenwich for time. - TMOMg
- Illall - ILL ALL
- The most remote city of Okar. - TMOM
- Iss - ISS
- River of Death. A sacred river. - TMOM
- Issus - ISS US
- Goddess of Death, whose abode is upon the banks of the Lost Sea of
Korus. - TMOM
- Jav - JAV
- A Lotharian. - TMOMg
- jed - JED
- King. - TMOMg
- jeddak - JED DAK
- Emperor. - TMOMg
- Kab Kadja - KAB KAD JA
- Jeddak of the Warhoons of the south. - TMOMg
- Kadabra - KA DA BRA
- Capitol city of Okar. - TMOMg
- kadar - KA DAR
- Guard. - TMOMg
- Kalksus - KALK SUS
- Cruiser; transport under Vas Kor. - TMOMg
- Kantos Kan - KAN TOS KAN
- Padwar in the Helium navy. - TMOMg
- Kaol - KA OL
- A Martian kingdom in the eastern hemisphere. Isolated and surrounded
by Japan. - TMOM
- kaor
- The greeting used principally by red Martians - TGOM
- Kar Komak - KAR KO MAK
- Odwar of Lotharian bowmen. - TMOMg
- karad - KAR AD
- Martian degree. - TMOMg
- Komal - KO MAL
- The Lotharian god; a huge banth. - TMOMg
- Korad - KOR AD
- A dead city of ancient Mars. - TMOMg
- Korus - KOR US
- The Lost Sea of Dor. - TMOMg
- Kulan Tith - KU LAN TITH
- Jeddak of Kaol. - TMOMg
- Lakor - LA KOR
- A thern. - TWOM
- Larok - LAR OK
- A Dusarian warrior; artificer. - TMOMg
- Lorquas Ptomel - LOR QUAS PTOM EL
- Jed among the Tharks. - TMOMg
- Lothar - LO THAR
- The forgotten city. - TMOMg
- Marentina - MAR EN TIN A
- A principality of Okar. - TMOMg
- Matai Shang - MAT AI SHANG
- Father of Therns. - TGOM
- Mors Kajak - MORS KA JAK
- A jed of lesser Helium, son of Tardos Mors of Helium. - APOM
- Notan - NO TAN
- Royal Psychologist of Zodanga. - APOM
- Nutus - NUT US
- Jeddak of Dusar. - TMOMg
- Od - OD
- Martian foot. - TMOMg
- Odwar - O DWAR
- A commander, or general. - TMOMg
- Okar - O KAR
- Land of the yellow men. - TWOM
- Omad - O MAD
- Man with one name. - TMOMg
- Omean - O ME AN
- The buried sea. - TGOM
- Orluk - OR LUK
- A black and yellow striped Arctic monster. Its hide is used for fur.
- TWOM
- Otz Mountains - OTZ
- Mountains near Iss, surrounding the Valley Dor and the Lost Sea of
Korus. - TGOM
- Padwar - PA DWAR
- Lieutenant. - APOM
Panthan - PAN THAN
- Panthan - PAN THAN
- A soldier of fortune. - TMOMg
- Parthak - PAR THAK
- The Zodangan prison guard who brought food to John Carter in the pits
of Zat Arras. - TGOM
- Pedestal of Truth
- Within the courtroom of Helium. - TMOMg
- Phaidor - PHAI DOR
- Daughter of Matai Shang. - TGOM
- pimalia - PIM AL I A
- Gorgeous flowering plant. - TGOM
- Plant men of Barsoom
- A race inhabiting the Valley Dor. They are ten or twelve feet in height
when standing erect; their arms are very short and fashioned after the
manner of an elephant's trunk, being sinuous; the body is hairless and
ghoulish blue except for a broad band of white which encircles the protruding,
single eye, the pupil, iris and ball of which are dead white. The nose
is a ragged, inflamed, circular hole in the centre of the blank face,
resembling a fresh bullet wound which has not yet commenced to bleed.
There is no mouth in the head. With the exception of the face, the head
is covered by a tangled mass of jet-black hair some eight or ten inches
in length. Each hair is about the thickness of a large angleworm. The
body, legs and feet are of human shape but of monstrous proportions,
the feet being fully three feet long and very flat and broad. The method
of feeding consists in running their odd hands over the surface of the
turf, cropping off the tender vegetation with razor-like talons and
sucking it up from two mouths, which lie one in the palm of each hand.
They are equipped with a massive tail about six feet long, quite round
where it joins the body, but tapering to a flat, thin blade toward the
end, which trails at right angles to the ground. - TMOMg
- Prince Soran - SOR AN
- Overlord of the navy of Ptarth. - TMOMg
- Ptarth - PTARTH
- A Martian kingdom of red men. - TGOM
- Ptor - PTOR
- Family name of three Zodangan brothers. - APOM
- Sab Than - SAB THAN
- Prince of Zodanga. A jed of Zodanga, son of Than Khosis. - APOM
- safad - SAF AD
- A Martian inch. - TMOMg
- sak - SAK
- To jump, to leap. - APOM
- Salensus Oll - SA LEN SUS OLL
- Jeddak of Jeddaks, ruler of Okar. - TWOM
- Saran Tal - SAR AN TAL
- Carthoris' major-domo. - TMOMg
- Sarkoja - SAR KO JA
- A green Martian woman. - APOM
- Sator Throg - SA TOR THROG
- A Holy Thern of the Tenth Cycle. - TGOM
- Shador - SHA DOR
- An isle on northern shore of Sea of Omean used as a prison. - TGOM
- silian - SIL I AN
- Slimy reptiles inhabiting the Sea of Korus. - TGOM
- sith - SITH
- Hornet-like flying monster that dwells in Kaolian jungle. Bald-faced
and about the size of a Hereford bull. Has frightful jaws in front and
mighty poisoned sting behind. The eyes, of myriad facets, cover three-fourths
of the head, permitting the creature to see in all directions at one
and the same time. - TWOM
- skeel - SKEEL
- A Martian polishable hardwood, used for the deck of an airship. -
TGOM
- Sola - SO LA
- A young green Martian woman. Of Thark. - APOM
- Solan - SO LAN
- An official of the palace. A man of secrets, in Kadabra. - TWOM
- sompus - SOM PUS
- A kind of tree.? - TMOMg
- sorak
- A little pet animal among the red Martian women, about the size of
a cat. Used as an insult. - APOM
- sorapus - SOR A PUS
- A Martian hardwood used for ship cabins; has large succulent fruits.
- TGOM
- Sorav - SOR AV
- An officer of Salensus Oll. Commander of the forces of the palace
of Kadabra. - TWOM
- tal - TAL
- A Martian second. One 200th of a xat (unit of measuring time). - TGOM
- Tal Hajus - TAL HA JUS
- Jeddak of Thark. - APOM
- Talu - TAL U
- Rebel Prince of Marentina. - TWOM
- Tan Gama - TAN GA MA
- Warhoon warrior. - TGOM
- Tardos Mors - TAR DOS MORS
- Grandfather of Dejah Thoris and Jeddak of Helium. - APOM
- Tario - TAR I O
- Jeddak of Lothar. - TMOMg
- Tars Tarkas - TARS TAR KAS
- A green man, chieftain of the Tharks. - APOM
- Temple of Reward
- In Helium. - TMOMg
- Tenth Cycle
- A sphere, or plane of eminence, among the Holy Therns. - TMOMg
- Thabis - THA BIS
- Issus' chief. An old woman. - TGOM
- Than Khosis - THAN KO SIS
- Jeddak of Zodanga - APOM
- Thark - THARK
- City and name of a green Martian horde. - APOM
- thern - THERN
- A priest of the cult of Issus. Typically known as Holy Therns. - TGOM
- thoat - THOAT
- A steed of the green Martians. Ten feet high at the shoulder, with
four legs on either side; a broad, flat tail, larger at the tip than
at the root which it holds straight out behind while running; a mouth
splitting its head from snout to the long, massive neck. It is entirely
devoid of hair and is of a dark slate colour and exceedingly smooth
and glossy. It has a white belly and the legs are shaded from slate
at the shoulders and hips to a vivid yellow at the feet. The feet are
heavily padded and nailless. (See A PRINCESS OF MARS.) - APOM
- Thor Ban - THOR BAN
- Jed among the green men of Torquas. - TMOMg
- thorian - THOR I AN
- Chief of the lesser Therns. - TGOM
- Throne of Righteousness
- In the court-room of Helium. - TMOMg
- Throxus - THROX US
- Mightiest of the five oceans. - TMOMg
- Thurds - THURD
- A green horde inimical to Torquas. - TMOMg
- Thuria - THUR I A
- The nearer moon. - TGOM
- Thurid - THUR ID
- A black dator. - TGOM
- Thuvan Dihn - THU VAN DIHN
- Jeddak of Ptarth. - TWOM
- Thuvia - THU VI A
- Princess of Ptarth. - TGOM
- Torith - TOR ITH
- Officer of the guards of the First Born at submarine pool. - TGOM
- Torkar Bar - TOR KAR BAR
- Kaolian noble; dwar of the Kaolian Road. - TWOM
- Torquas - TOR QUAS
- A green horde. - TMOMg
- Turjun - TUR JUN
- Carthoris' alias. - TMOMg
- utan - U TAN
- A company of one hundred men (military). - TGOM
- Vas Kor - VAS KOR
- A Dusarian noble. - TMOMg
- Warhoon - WAR HOON
- A community of green men; enemy of Thark. - APOM
- Woola - WOOL A
- A Barsoomian calot. - TMOMg
- xat - XAT
- A Martian minute; one fiftieth of a zode (unit of measuring time).
- TGOM
- Xavarian - XA VAR I AN
- A Helium warship. - TGOM
- Xodar - XO DAR
- Dator among the First Born. - TGOM
- Yersted - YER STED
- A First Born, commander of the submarine. - TGOM
- Zad - ZAD
- Tharkian warrior. - APOM
- Zat Arras - ZAT AR RAS
- Jed of Zodanga. - TGOM
- Zithad - ZITH AD
- Dator of the guards of Issus. - TGOM
- zitidar - ZIT I DAR
- A heavy (mastodonian) draft animal of the green men. - APOM
- Zodanga - ZO DAN GA
- Martian city of red men. Capitol of Helium's chief enemies among the
red men. - APOM
- zode - ZODE
- A Martian hour; one tenth of a Martian day (unit of measuring time).
- TGOM
Martian Proverbs
"Blessed be your ancestors for this meeting." -- common
"In the name of the Ninth Ray!" -- common
"Only our first ancestor knows." -- common
"A warrior may change his metal, but not his heart." - Dejah Thoris
"Blessed be the shell of thy first ancestor." -- First Born saying
"Man builds naught that man may not destroy." -- Larok
"Leave to a Thark his head and one hand and he may yet conquer." -- Tars Tarkas
"By your first ancestor!" -- Thuvia
"May my ancestors have mercy on me." -- Thuvia
"May the white apes take us all!" -- Thuvia
"Praised be to our first ancestor!" -- Thuvia
"The intellects of our ancestors are with us." -- Thuvia
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