Particles

Particles

Particles terminate larger constructs and describe the semantic role of those constructs. Novvocu has the following types of particles:

Sentence particles - Modify the entire sentence, such as ca, from Japanese ka, which converts a sentence into a question.

Clause particles - Indicate whether the initial clause of a sentence is independent of or subordinate to the final clause.

Case particles - Indicate the case role of the phrase in relation to the verb.

Phrase particles - Modify a noun phrase by a preceding noun phrase (genitive).

Embedding particles - Demarcate a clause or sentence inserted into a parent clause.

bo case particle [Inspired by Japanese 'yori'.] What precedes it is what is being compared to.

ca sentence particle [Japanese ka.] The sentence is a question.

co case particle [Inspired by Japanese 'hodo'.] What precedes it is being compared to something else.

da phrase particle [NA.] Indicates that the preceding is a restrictive attribute of the following.

de case particle [Japanese de.] The argument is the persistent location of the events or states described by the verb.

e case particle [Japanese e.] The argument is the final destination or direction of the verb.

fo case particle [Latin focus.] The argument is the focus of the verb.

ga case particle [Japanese ga.] The argument is the agent of the verb.

ge phrase particle [Chinese 'ge', generic counter.] Indicates this phrase provides a count of the number of occurences of the next phrase. Example: duos ge citab, "two books", vs. duosa citab, "second book"; ge citab, "books" (when number is omitted acts as an indication of plurality).

hi case particle [NA.] Indicates the "vocable" case; used to indicate what was actually said.

je phrase particle [Loglan 'je'.] The phrase describes a loose relationship to the next phrase. Translation "of". X particle Y means "Y of X". An optional postposition after the phrase before the particle clarifies the relationship.

ju case particle [NA.] Marks the person being described is being addressed.

li case particle [NA.] The argument is the agent and patient of the verb.

mu sentence particle [NA.] Imperative (command).

ne sentence particle [Japanese ne.] The sentence is a question prompting for "yes/no" confirmation. Translation ", isn't it?"

ni case particle [Japanese ni.] The argument is the initial location of the events or states described by the verb.

no phrase particle [Japanese no.] The phrase describes the possessor of the next phrase (e.g., mamat no citab, "mother's book").

o case particle [Japanese o.] The argument is the patient of the verb.

pu case particle [Novvocu pus.] The argument marks the means or instrument of the verb. Translation: "with, by means of, using."

ra case particle [Japanese kara.] Marks the time the action of the verb starts.

sa phrase particle [NA.] Indicates that the preceding is a descriptive or parenthetical attribute of the following.

su clause particle [NA.] Indicates this clause is independent of the one that follows. Translation "and, then", if not modified.

ti embedding particle [Ciravesu.] Marks the beginning of an embedded clause or sentence.

to clause particle [Japanese to.] Indicates this clause is subordinate to the one that follows. Translation: "if, when", if not modified.

va case particle [NA.] The argument is used to indicate the object, aim or purpose of an action or activity ("for").

vi sentence particle [NA.] Emphatic: translation "!"

vu embedding particle [NA.] Marks the ending of an embedded clause or sentence.

ze case particle [NA.] Marks the time the action of the verb ceases.

Possessive pronouns are formed by using the pronoun and the no particle.

Need to update the syntax page to reflect the addition of embedding particles.