Particles

Particles

Particles terminate larger constructs and describe the semantic role of those constructs. Novvocu has the following types of particles:

Sentence particles - Modify the entire sentence, such as ca, from Japanese ka, which converts a sentence into a question.

Clause particles - Indicate whether the initial clause of a sentence is independent of or subordinate to the final clause.

Case particles - Indicate the case role of the phrase in relation to the verb.

Phrase particles - Modify a noun phrase by a preceding noun phrase (genitive).

ba phrase particle [NA.] The phrase describes a loose relationship to the next phrase. Translation "of". X particle Y means "Y of X". An optional postposition after the phrase before the particle clarifies the relationship.

ca sentence particle [Japanese ka.] The sentence is a question.

de case particle [Japanese de.] The argument is the persistent location of the events or states described by the verb.

e case particle [Japanese e.] The argument is the final destination or direction of the verb.

fo case particle [Latin focus.] The argument is the focus of the verb.

ga case particle [Japanese ga.] The argument is the agent of the verb.

hi sentence particle [NA.] Ironic negation. The sentence is false. Translation "not!"

ju case particle [NA.] Marks the person being described is being addressed.

li case particle [NA.] The argument is the agent and patient of the verb.

mu sentence particle [NA.] Imperative (command).

ne sentence particle [Japanese ne.] The sentence is a question prompting for "yes/no" confirmation. Translation ", isn't it?"

ni case particle [Japanese ni.] The argument is the initial location of the events or states described by the verb.

no phrase particle [Japanese no.] The phrase describes the possessor of the next phrase (e.g., mamat no citab, "mother's book").

o case particle [Japanese o.] The argument is the patient of the verb.

pu case particle [Novvocu pus.] The argument marks the means or instrument of the verb. Translation: "with, by means of, using."

ra case particle [Japanese kara.] Marks the time the action of the verb starts.

su clause particle [NA.] Indicates this clause is independent of the one that follows. Translation "and, then", if not modified.

to clause particle [Japanese to.] Indicates this clause is subordinate to the one that follows. Translation: "if, when", if not modified.

vi sentence particle [NA.] Emphatic: translation "!"

ze case particle [NA.] Marks the time the action of the verb ceases.

Possessive pronouns are formed by using the pronoun and the no particle.

I'm thinking of adding a parenthetical particle.

7/8/02 -- I see that Dublex had the following:

Instrumental Prepositions

The instrumental prepositions are:

bo by (with the help of)

ro for (as a means of)

zo with (by means of).

"The pizza can be cut BY Dad WITH a knife FOR an equal distribution."

I wonder if these wouldn't be better served by particles...